HDV

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This article is about video recording format. For the virus, see Hepatitis D.
HDV Mark

HDV is a format for recording and playback of high-definition video on a DV cassette tape.[1] The format was originally developed by JVC and was supported by Sony, Canon and Sharp.[2] The four companies formed the HDV consortium in September 2003. Conceived as an affordable high definition format, HDV quickly caught on with many professional users due to its low cost, portability and image quality acceptable for many professional productions.

HDV is backwards compatible with DV, meaning that HDV equipment can play and record DV content. On the other hand, DV devices cannot play nor record in HDV format.

HDV and HDV logo are trademarks of Sony and JVC.[3]

Contents

[edit] Compression

HDV video is compressed with MPEG-2 encoder. HDV audio is compressed using MPEG-1 Layer 2 compression scheme. Video and audio are multiplexed into transport stream, which can be recorded onto magnetic tape or in a digital file.

MPEG-2 is an established compression method used in DVD-Video and in many digital TV broadcast formats, in particular ATSC. HDV 1080i uses a recording data rate of 25 Mbit/s while HDV 720p records at 19.7 Mbit/s. In both cases the data rate is constant because the primary recording media — tape — is transported with constant speed. Constant data rate limits the video quality in scenes with lots of detail, rapid movement or other complex activity like flashing lights. Such scenes may exhibit visible artifacts such as blockiness or blurring, depending on the amount of movement and on the algorithm employed in the encoder.

MPEG-1 Layer 2 compression used for audio allows reducing the audio bitrate to 384 kbit/s, compared to 1536 kbit/s for DV video and 1411 kbit/s for audio CDs. In most cases, HDV audio is not a significant limiting factor and is considered perceptually lossless.

[edit] Recording formats

Two major versions of HDV are HDV 720p and HDV 1080i. The former is used by JVC and is informally known as HDV1. The latter is preferred by Sony and Canon and is sometimes referred to as HDV2.[4]

The HDV 1080i defines optional progressive recording modes, and in recent publications is sometimes called HDV 1080 or 1080-line HDV as progressive 1080-line recording becomes commonplace.[5][6]

[edit] HDV 720p

HDV 720p closely matches broadcast 720p progressive scan video standard in terms of scanning type, frame size, aspect ratio and data rate. First HDV 720p camcorders could not shoot at 50 or 60 frames per second, but later models remedied this issue. Modern HDV 720p camcorders offer film-like (24p, 25p, 30p) and reality-like (50p, 60p) frame rates.

Presently, JVC is the only manufacturer of HDV 720p camcorders. JVC was the first to release an HDV camcorder, the handheld GR-HD1. Later JVC shifted its HDV development to shoulder-mounted cameras.

A common misconception is that JVC developed a proprietary extension to HDV called ProHD, featuring film-like 24-frame/s progressive recording mode and LPCM audio, for professional use. JVC has clarified that ProHD is not a video recording format, but "an approach for delivering affordable HD products" and a common name for "bandwidth efficient professional HD models".

[edit] HDV 1080i

When interlaced video is watched on a progressive monitor without deinterlacing, it exhibits combing when there is movement between two fields of one frame.

Sony adapted HDV, originally conceived as progressive-scan format by JVC, to interlaced video. Instead of using 1920x1080 frame size with square pixels HDV 1080i utilizes 1440x1080 frame with 1.33 pixel aspect ratio. Such downsampling is not unique to HDV 1080i, it is used in other high definition video recording standards like HDCAM or DVCPRO HD to reduce the amount of information to be recorded.

Interlaced video has been a useful compromise for decades due to its ability to display motion smoothly while reducing recording and transmission bandwidth. Interlaced video is still being used in acquisition and broadcast, but interlaced display devices are being phased out. Modern flat-panel television sets that utilize plasma and LCD technology are inherently progressive. All modern computer monitors use progressive scanning as well. Before interlaced video is displayed on a progressive-scan device it must be converted to progressive using the process known as deinterlacing. Progressive-scan television sets employ built-in deinterlacing circuits to cope with interlaced broadcast signal, but computers rarely have this capability. Interlaced video often exhibit ghosting or combing artifacts when watched on a computer.

Some HDV 1080i camcorders are capable of recording progressive video within an interlaced stream, provided that the frame rate does not exceed half of the field rate. The first HDV 1080i camcorder to implement such Progressive Scanning was the Sony HVR-V1.[7] To preserve compatibility with interlaced equipment the HVR-V1 records and outputs video in interlaced form. 25-frame/s and 30-frame/s progressive video is recorded on tape using progressive segmented frame (PsF) technique, while 24-frame/s recording employs 2-3 pulldown. The camcorder offers two variations of 24-frame/s recording: "24" and "24A". In "24" mode the camera ensures that there are no cadence breaks for a whole tape, this mode works better for watching video directly from the camera and for adding "film look" to interlaced video. In the "24A" mode the camera starts every clip on an A frame with timecode set to an even second margin.[8][9] Several editing tools, including Sony's own Vegas, are capable of processing 24A video as proper 24 frames/s progressive video.[10]

Prior to the HVR-V1, Sony was offering Cineframe, essentially an interlaced-to-progressive converter, to simulate film-like motion. The conversion process involved blending and discarding fields, so vertical resolution of the resulting video suffered. Motion, produced in the 24-frame/s variant of Cineframe was too uneven for professional use.[11] The same or better film look effect can be achieved by converting regular interlaced video into progressive format using computer software.[12]

In 2007 Canon commoditized progressive scanning, releasing the HV20 camcorder. The version for 50 Hz market featured PF25 mode with PsF-like recording, while the version for 60 Hz market had PF24 mode, which utilized 2-3 pulldown scheme. The HV30, released in 2008, implemented additional PsF-like PF30 mode for 60 Hz markets. Output is performed via component, HDMI and FireWire in interlaced form.[13]

To achieve full vertical resolution without introducing interlace artifacts the progressive scan video must be properly deinterlaced. 25P and 30P video must be deinterlaced with "weave" or "no deinterlacing" algorithm, which means joining two fields of each frame together into one progressive frame. 24P video must go through film-mode deinterlacing also known as inverse telecine, which throws out judder frames and restores original 24-frame/s progressive video.

[edit] HDV 1080p

Native Progressive Recording logo (Sony)
Native Progressive logo (Canon)

The original 1080-line HDV specification defined interlaced recording only, which is suitable for television broadcast. As users have become increasingly interested in digital cinematography and in web videos, progressive recording became a necessity. In response to this need, capability for native progressive recording has been added to the 1080i HDV specification. Progressive recording modes are optional for 1080i HDV devices, which means that not every HDV 1080i camcorder or deck is capable of recording or playing back native progressive video. Because HDV 1080i specification now includes both interlaced and progressive recording modes, in recent publications it is often called HDV 1080 or 1080-line HDV, but the official name still bears the "i" suffix.

HDV camcorders capable of native 1080-line progressive video record it at rates of 24 frame/s (actually 23.98 frame/s) and 30 frame/s (actually 29.97 frame/s) for 60 Hz markets, and at 25 frame/s rate for 50 Hz markets. Video is output as true progressive video via an i.LINK/Firewire port. Output through other ports is performed in interlaced mode to preserve compatibility with existing interlaced equipment.[14][15]

The first 1080-line HDV camcorder to offer recording in native progressive format was the Canon XL H1, introduced in 2006. It was followed by the the XH-G1 and XH-A1. When shooting in progressive mode, also known as Frame mode, the camcorders generate progressive video from interlaced CCD sensors.[16] Vertical resolution of the resulting video is about 25% lower than theoretically possible because of row-pair summation, but is still higher than the resolution of a single field.[17] Video shot in Frame Mode is recorded to tape according to HDV native 1080p specifications.

In 2008 Sony released its own models capable of native progressive recording: the HVR-S270, the HVR-Z7 and the HVR-Z5. Sony claims superiority over Canon models by saying that native progressive recording has been called 24F/25F/30F in some camcorders, which actually use interlaced CCD imagers.[5] Sony stresses that the progressive-scan CMOS sensors used in its new models create true 1080p images, meaning that the signal is processed as progressive all the way from capture to encoding to recording onto tape to output.[18]

In 2009 Canon released the HV40. Its 60 Hz variant became the first consumer HDV camcorder to feature 24-frame/s native progressive recording. Like the aforementioned Sony models, the HV40 uses progressive-scan sensor.[19]

Sony designed Native Progressive Recording logo for the devices that are capable of native progressive recording and playback. Canon has no special logo to identify cameras that can record in "F" modes, though the HV40 camcorder bears 24p native progressive mark. Despite differences in branding, 24F/25F/30F modes offered by Canon and Native Progressive Recording offered by Sony are compatible.[20][21][22][23]

Other HDV devices capable of reading and recording in native progressive 1080-line format include the Sony HVR-M15AU, HVR-25AU,[24] HVR-M15AE, HVR-25AE[25] and HVR-M35 HDV videocassette recorders, and the Canon HV20/HV30 camcorders when used in tape recorder mode.

[edit] Compatibility

Generally, HDV devices are capable of playing and recording in DV format, though this is not required by HDV specification. Many HDV devices manufactured by Sony are capable of playing and recording DVCAM tapes. 1080-line devices generally are not compatible with 720-line devices, though some standalone tape decks accept both HDV formats. Devices that can play and record native 1080p video can play and record native 1080i video, however the opposite is not always the case.

HDV camcorders are usually offered with either 50 Hz or 60 Hz scanning rate, but some models can be made switchable for "world" capability. In particular, Canon XH-A1/G1 models and third-generation Sony models such as HVR-S270, HVR-Z5 and HVR-Z7, can be upgraded.[26]

[edit] Media

MiniDV cassette

HDV was originally conceived as a tape-based format. Since HDV was introduced, tapeless video recording formats such as DVCPRO P2, XDCAM and AVCHD have gained broad acceptance. The trend towards tapeless workflow is accelerated with increased capacity and reduced cost of non-linear storage solutions like hard disk drives, optical discs and solid-state memory. Recognizing the need for tapeless recording, camera manufacturers offer on-camera devices that can record HDV video onto flash media or a hard disk drive.

[edit] Magnetic tape

Most HDV camcorders use "small" DV cassettes also known as MiniDV tapes. The Sony HVR-S270 shoulder-mount camcorder is also capable of recording onto "large" DV cassettes. The recording time is the same as DV Standard Play. Unlike DV, HDV does not offer Long Play speed.

A standard MiniDV cassette is loaded with 70 meters of tape and provides one hour of recording. By using cassettes with longer tape it is possible to record up to 80 minutes onto one tape. Longer tape is thinner than regular, and its use is not recommended for HDV camcorders.

Tape manufacturers also offer HDV cassettes that have the same form factor as MiniDV cassettes, but use improved formulation for magnetic tape. These cassettes might offer improved robustness over traditional DV cassettes, but their use is not required by HDV specification.

[edit] File-based media

JVC, Sony and other manufacturers offer on-camera recording units, which convert an HDV camcorder into a hybrid system capable of recording both onto tape and onto file-based media. JVC offers two Focus Enhancements FireStore models: the HDD-based DR-HD100[27] and MR-HD100[28] on-camera recorders; it also offers the SxS-based KA-MR100G[29] recorder. Sony offers the HDD-based HVR-DR60[30] and the CompactFlash-based HVR-MRC1K[31] recorders. Most external recorders connect to a camcorder via FireWire; the KA-MR100G connects via a specially designed dock.

External recorders that connect via FireWire do not recompress video and deliver the same quality compared to video recorded to tape. The KA-MR100G is different as it receives uncompressed video from a camcorder and encodes it into XDCAM EX at 35 Mbit/s. Other products like NanoFlash from Convergent Design, can obtain uncompressed video from either HDMI or HD-SDI port and compress it with much higher data rate than either HDV or XDCAM EX.

[edit] Use in broadcast television

HDV is accepted with varying restrictions for broadcast TV use. It has been used for shows like Deadliest Catch and MythBusters, and was used in the TV series JAG for scenes where larger HD cameras would have been impractical.

The BBC Worldwide accepts HDV primarily for standard-definition use, with limited acceptability for HD programming.[32] With advance approval, the BBC Worldwide accepts HDV footage for up to 25% of HD programming content, if the contributed material meets one of the five "technical exemption" categories: Artistic interest, Historical interest, Actuality material, Early television and cinema or Home videos.[33] Restrictions for domestic BBC programming are less stringent. The BBC has adopted HDV cameras as replacement for DV camcorders to produce widescreen standard definition content.[34]

The Discovery HD Theater accepts content sourced from 1080-line HDV camcorders, but limits it to 15% of a whole program. Producers wishing to use HDV are required to submit an approved postproduction path outlining their handling of the footage in the editing process.[6] The Discovery Channel HD simulcast has fewer or no guidelines and accepts a mix of XDCAM HD, HDV and AVCHD for the length of a program. For example, Discovery Channel aired 911: The Bronx, a six-episode reality series set in a hospital and shot with HDV cameras.[35][36] Discovery Channel International uses rating system that defines Gold, Silver and Bronze acquisition and delivery levels. Depending on particular camera model and on post-production process, HDV can be rated either Silver or Bronze HD, or widescreen SD.[37]

The PBS accepts HDV for widescreen programming acquisition and to a limited extent for use in HD programs.[38] PBS may allow usage of "less than full broadcast quality equipment" if compression artifacts are "not obvious when viewed on an HDTV monitor".[39] In particular, the Art Wolfe's TV series Travels to the edge was produced for PBS in HDV format using Canon XL-H1 camcorders.[40]

The Travel Channel HD eagerly accepts HDV footage. For example, Anthony Bourdain's No Reservations has been produced with Sony HDV camcorders: HVR-V1U for earlier shows and HVR-Z7U for newer shows.[41] Madventures was shot with the Sony EX1 XDCAM EX camera paired with the Sony HVR-A1U HDV camcorder.[42]

Guiding Light, the longest-running soap opera in production in television and radio history, broke away from traditional three-sided sets and pedestal-style cameras in 2008, choosing the handheld Canon XH-G1 for shooting on practical locations.[43]

[edit] Editing

The native recording medium for HDV is a MiniDV or DV cassette. Tapeless recorders allow direct-to-file shooting, saving HDV video in either MPEG transport stream files (M2TS) or in XDCAM EX wrapper. Whichever media is used, HDV video is recorded in digital form, thus original content can be copied onto another tape or captured to a computer for editing without quality degradation. Depending on capturing software and computer's file system, either the whole tape is captured into one contiguous file, or the video is split in smaller 4GB or 2GB segments, or separate files are created for each take. The way files are named depends on capturing software. Some systems convert HDV video into proprietary intermediate format on the fly while capturing, so original format is not preserved.

HDV footage can be natively edited by most non-linear editors, with real-time playback being possible on modern mainstream personal computers. Slower computers may exhibit reduced performance compared to other formats such as DV because of high resolution and interframe compression of HDV video.

Editing performance can be improved by converting HDV to intermediate format prior to editing. These include various Cineform products, Edius HQ, Avid DNxHD and Apple ProRes 422, among others. Usage of an intermediate codec adds one more generation to the video, potentially degrading its quality. On another hand, an intermediate codec can reduce blockiness and fix other issues in the original video, like interlaced chroma in progressive recordings. Depending on NLE, it is possible to avoid generation losses by editing native HDV video using straight cuts only and saving it back to HDV.

[edit] Distributing

HDV video can be recorded or printed back to tape. Such tapes are often accepted by local television stations, though many organizations prefer the submissions to be delivered in higher-end format like Digital Betacam, HDCAM or D5 HD.[6][39] It is also possible to record M2TS file to any media that offers enough capacity, like a DVD disc, external HDD drive or a memory card.

For consumer use, HDV-sourced video can be delivered on a Blu-ray Disc, can be converted to AVCHD and delivered on an AVCHD disc, or can be downconverted to DVD-Video.

For distribution over the Internet interlaced video has to be deinterlaced, because most computer-based video players support only progressive-scan video.

[edit] Products

[edit] Canon

Canon XL-H1

Canon entered the HDV market in September 2005, with the Canon XL H1, a professional-oriented modular camera system with interchangeable lenses, HD-SDI output, and three 1440x1080 1/3" CCDs.

In July 2006, Canon announced the handheld XH A1/XH G1 models, which use the same sensor as the XL-H1. Both models share the same body and most of the features, with the XH G1 geared towards professional multi-camera production and including connections for HD-SDI/SD-SDI Out, genlock, and time code.

In 2007 Canon introduced the consumer-oriented Canon HV10, a compact unit with a single 2.76 megapixel CMOS sensor.

In April 2007 Canon released the updated Canon HV20 which adds a 24p Progressive + film mode where the imager captures 24 progressive frames per second, but records to 1080i60 HDV using a built-in 3:2 pulldown (telecine) process, to remain compatible with consumer level editing suites.

The 2008 update Canon HV30 got black body color instead of the HV20's grey one, and added a progressive 30p mode to simplify video-uploads to online sites such as YouTube or Motionbox.

In 2009 Canon announced the Canon HV40 which is identical to HV30 except it is now capable for native progressive 24p recording without applying 3:2 pulldown (thus without encoding it into a 1080i60 stream.)

[edit] JVC

JVC GY-HD100

In 2003 JVC released the first HDV camcorder — the handheld GR-HD1. The camcorder offered standard DV recording mode, HDV 720p30 and HDV 480p60. The HDV modes used the older Rec. 601 standard for color space, rather than the newer Rec. 709 standard intended for high-definition video. The imager of the GR-HD1 used a single 1/3" CCD sensor instead of a 3CCD setup, another unusual choice discouraging professional use.The GR-HD1 was not popular in either the consumer or semi-professional market, and JVC later shifted its HDV development to professional shoulder-mounted cameras.

The shoulder mount GY-HD100 camcorder was released in 2005 and featured 3CCD imaging system with native 720p resolution, interchangeable lens and 24 frame/s recording. Because of the latter feature this camcorder became popular for shooting "digital movies". The updated version, GY-HD110, provides several updates and fixed split-screen effect found on some GY-HD100 cameras.

The GY-HD200, released later, offered 50p/60p recording, 720p-to-1080i converter and Anton Bauer professional battery with mount.

The GY-HD250 simplified multi-camera recording by providing genlock and time code input/output. HD/SD-SDI output allowed to record uncompressed video.

[edit] Sharp

Sharp is the only member of the HDV Consortium that has not produced an HDV camcorder or a videocassette recorder. The closest Sharp has ever got in supporting HDV standard is the AQUOS DV-ACV52 digital video player. The player supports HDV video, though it does not have a tape transport. Instead, it allows playback and dubbing of DV/HDV video from a camcorder connected to the player via a FireWire connector.

[edit] Sony

Sony HDR-FX1

Sony specializes in 1080i HDV equipment and makes products for both 60 Hz and 50 Hz markets. Traditionally, Sony uses suffixes "E" and "P" to identify 50 Hz models, and suffix "U" or no suffix at all to identify 60 Hz models. Models listed below are specified without suffixes.

In September 2004 Sony released the first HDV 1080i camcorder, the HDR-FX1. Its professional version, the HVR-Z1, came with XLR audio inputs and 44 additional features. Most notably, the HVR-Z1 was switchable between 50 Hz and 60 Hz scanning to cater for the different scanning rates used in different markets.

In the middle of 2005 Sony released its first consumer HDV model, the HDR-HC1, which had a single CMOS sensor, electronic stabilization system and was capable of recording in DV and HDV 1080i modes. Its professional version, the HVR-A1, added a second accessory shoe in place of the flash, XLR audio inputs, additional recording options, larger eyecup and larger lens hood.

In 2006 Sony replaced the HDR-HC1 with the smaller and cheaper HDR-HC3, which featured an incrementally improved CMOS chip, but omitted some features of its predecessor. The HDR-HC3 was replaced by the HDR-HC5 which used the same CMOS chip as the HDR-HC3, and added an option of recording in xvYCC color space. The replacement model, the HDR-HC7 came with a higher pixel count CMOS sensor and with a microphone input. Like the HDR-HC5, the HDR-HC7 could also record xvYCC. In 2008 the HDR-HC7 was replaced with the HDR-HC9.

In 2006, Sony added two new models to its upscale HDV lineup: the "advanced amateur" HDR-FX7 and its professional cousin, the HVR-V1. The progressive-scan CMOS sensors of these models resolve full 1080 lines of vertical resolution. The HDR-FX7 records interlaced video only, while the HVR-V1 offers the choice of shooting interlaced or progressive video. Progressive video is converted to interlaced using pulldown for recording onto tape. 50 Hz versions of the HVR-V1 suffer noticeable loss of sharpness and detail in progressive mode, which is why Sony does not advertise the HVR-V1E/HVR-V1P as progressive-scan capable.

In August 2007, Sony introduced the shoulder-mounted version of the HDR-HC7, the HVR-HD1000. It has a lens similar in size to that of the HVR-Z1 or HVR-V1.[44]

In November 2007, Sony announced the HVR-Z7 handheld camcorder and the HVR-S270 shoulder-mounted camera. Both use the same three 1/3" ClearVid CMOS sensors and attain light sensitivity similar to that of the venerable DSR-PD170 while offering HDV recording in native interlaced, progressive scan and native progressive modes. The Z7 has 2 XLR audio inputs and HDMI output while the S270 has 4 XLR inputs and features HD-SDI output.[45] Presently the HVR-S270 is the only HDV camcorder capable of recording onto full-size DV cassettes.

In 2008 the HDR-FX1 and the HVR-Z1 were replaced with the HDR-FX1000 and the HVR-Z5, respectively. The major changes include utilizing CMOS sensors instead of CCD, and progressive mode shooting. The FX1000 records progressive scan video using pulldown, while HVR-Z5 offers native progressive recording.[46]

In November 2008 Sony restarted production of the HDR-FX7 camcorder, which had been discontinued a year earlier. Offered for almost half the original price, the HDR-FX7 bridged the gap between the HDR-HC9 and the FX1000.

In summer 2009 Sony discontinued the HDR-HC9 without offering a replacement model. According to the new corporate policy, the consumer market will be served exclusively by AVCHD format, while HDV equipment will be offered for prosumer and low-end professional markets.

In 2009 Sony released the DSR-PD175 camcorder as a replacement for DSR-PD170. The DSR-PD175 is essentially the HVR-Z5 without HDV recording mode. Like the predecessor, it in DV and DVCAM modes only. The camcorder is targeted for the markets that broadcast widescreen standard definition video. This camcorder is not offered in the United States.

[edit] Specifications

Format name HDV 720p HDV 1080i
Media "Small" or "large" DV cassette
Video
Frame aspect ratio 16x9
Frame size in pixels 1280 x 720 1440 x 1080
Pixel aspect ratio 1.0 1.33
Scanning type progressive interlaced progressive (optional)
Video signal 720p/60, 720p/30, 720p/24, 720p/50, 720p/25, 1080i/30 (29.97), 1080i/25 1080p/30 (29.97), 1080p/24 (23.98), 1080p/25
Video Compression MPEG2 Video (profile & level: MP@H-14/HL) MPEG2 Video (profile & level: MP@H-14)
Sampling frequency for luminance 74.25 MHz 55.6875 MHz
Chroma sampling format 4:2:0
Quantization 8 bits (both luminance and chrominance)
Compressed video bitstream rate ~19.7 Mbit/s ~25 Mbit/s
Audio
Compression MPEG-1 Audio Layer II, PCM MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
Sampling frequency 48 kHz
Quantization 16 bits
Audio modes and data rate Stereo (2-channel) at 384 kbit/s (192 kbit/s per channel);
optional 4-channel at 96 kbit/s per channel.
System
Stream type MPEG transport stream (MPEG-TS)
Stream interface IEEE 1394 in alpha mode (also known as FireWire 400 or i. LINK)
File extension .m2t (generally)

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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  2. ^ "Didn't JVC invent MPEG? Did JVC invent HDV? – ProHD FAQ". http://pro.jvc.com/prof/attributes/faq.jsp?tree=&feature_id=13&itempath=&model_id=MDL101539#hdv_hist. 
  3. ^ "HDV Trademarks". http://www.hdv-info.org/trademk.htm. 
  4. ^ "Editing HDV". http://www.eventdv.net/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=37958. 
  5. ^ a b "HDV progressive primer". http://www.sony.ca/hdv/files/white/HDV_Progressive_Primer.pdf. 
  6. ^ a b c "Discovery HD Theater production requirements". http://dhd.discovery.com/guidelines/gallery/guidelines.pdf. 
  7. ^ "[http://www.camcorderinfo.com/content/Sony-Introduces-HVR-V1U-and-HDD-Unit-in-US.htm Camcorderinfo.com: Sony Introduces HVR-V1U and HDD Unit in the U.S.]". http://www.camcorderinfo.com/content/Sony-Introduces-HVR-V1U-and-HDD-Unit-in-US.htm. 
  8. ^ "dv.com: Sony HVR-V1 review". http://www.dv.com/reviews/reviews_item.php?articleId=196602843. 
  9. ^ "DVInfo: EXPLAINED: "24" versus "24A"". http://www.dvinfo.net/conf/sony-hvr-v1-hdr-fx7/82350-explained-24-verses-24a.html. 
  10. ^ "[www.digitalcontentproducer.com/hdhdv/depth/hdvatwork_sony_hvrv1u_031207 Steve Mullen, Reviewing Sony HVR-V1U HDV Camcorder]". www.digitalcontentproducer.com/hdhdv/depth/hdvatwork_sony_hvrv1u_031207. 
  11. ^ "[http://www.adamwilt.com/HDV/cineframe.html Adam Wilt, How the Sony HDV cameras fake 24, 25, and 30 frame/s]". http://www.adamwilt.com/HDV/cineframe.html. 
  12. ^ "[http://www.hdtvexpert.com/pages_b/hdrfx1.html Steve Mullen, Sony's HDR-FX1 1080i HDV Camcorder: using CineFrame 24 mode]". http://www.hdtvexpert.com/pages_b/hdrfx1.html. 
  13. ^ "Canon 24P, 25F, 25P, 30F, 30P modes explained". http://www.avchduser.com/articles/canon_progressive_modes.jsp. 
  14. ^ "Sony HVR-Z5U Digital HD Video Camera Recorder". http://www.papahui.com/download.pdf. 
  15. ^ "Sony HVR-Z5E preliminary datasheet". http://www.sony.co.uk/res/attachment/file/97/1219910881397.pdf. 
  16. ^ "Canon XL H1: frame rates & formats". http://www.usa.canon.com/app/html/XLH1/frame_rates_formats.shtml. 
  17. ^ Progressive: what you need to know
  18. ^ "Sony HVR-Z5U brochure, p. 7". http://pro.sony.com/bbsccms/assets/files/micro/hdv/brochures/HVR-Z5U_brochure_final10-08.pdf. 
  19. ^ "Canon U.S.A. packs a punch with a powerful new camcorder line-up for 2009". http://www.usa.canon.com/templatedata/pressrelease/20090105_camcorders.html. 
  20. ^ "Using the Canon HV30 to capture 30P footage shot on the Z7". http://www.dvinfo.net/conf/1097708-post3.html. 
  21. ^ "Sony HVR M15AU and the Canon XH/XL series". http://www.dvinfo.net/conf/930512-post1.html. 
  22. ^ "Using Sony HVR M15AU to digitize Canon footage". http://www.lafcpug.org/phorum/read.php?1,237084. 
  23. ^ "Canon HV40: a great inexpensive feeder deck for native Sony 3G HDV recordings". http://provideocoalition.com/index.php/atepper/story/canon_hv40_a_great_inexpensive_feeder_deck_for_native_sony_3g_hdv_recording/. 
  24. ^ "Sony adds new features to HDV videotape recorders (America". http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/b2b/broadcast_production/pro_audio_video/release/34858.html. 
  25. ^ "Sony adds new features to HDV videotape recorders (Europe)". http://www.sony.co.uk/biz/view/ShowPressRelease.action?section=SB+SS+ALL+Press+Center&pressrelease=1207064692287&site=biz_en_GB. 
  26. ^ "Sony upgrades 3G HDV camcorders to universal, for a small fee". http://provideocoalition.com/index.php/atepper/story/sony_upgrades_3g_hdv_camcorders_to_universal_for_a_small_fee/. 
  27. ^ "ProHD 100GB hard disk recorder MR-HD100". http://pro.jvc.com/prof/attributes/features.jsp?model_id=MDL101822. 
  28. ^ "100GB HD hard disk recorder DR-HD100". http://pro.jvc.com/prof/attributes/features.jsp?model_id=MDL101711. 
  29. ^ "SxS memory card docking recorder KA-MR100G". http://pro.jvc.com/prof/attributes/features.jsp?model_id=MDL101824. 
  30. ^ "HVR-DR60 HDV hard disk recorder". http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/product-HVRDR60. 
  31. ^ "HVR-MRC1K Memory Recording Unit". http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/product-HVRMRC1K. 
  32. ^ "TV Delivery for BBC Worldwide". BBC Worldwide. http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/dq/pdf/tv/tv_standards_worldwide.pdf.  section 1.5.2
  33. ^ "TV Delivery for BBC Worldwide". BBC Worldwide. http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/dq/pdf/tv/tv_standards_worldwide.pdf.  section 1.3.3
  34. ^ "IBC Focus: Cameras - HD on a budget?". 2005-09-13. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/ibc-focus-cameras-hd-on-a-budget/1029547.article. 
  35. ^ "In '911: The Bronx,' reality TV gets tough". 2008-05-28. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2008/05/28/2008-05-28_in_911_the_bronx_reality_tv_gets_tough.html. 
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  37. ^ "Cameras that can be used for Discovery Channel Shows". http://forums.creativecow.net/thread/126/859883. Retrieved 2009-12-01. 
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  41. ^ Q&A With the No Reservations Crew
  42. ^ Madventures blog
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  46. ^ "Sony's HDR-FX1000 breaks the mold". http://www.bhphotovideo.com/find/newsLetter/HDR-FX1000.jsp. 

[edit] External links

v • d • e
High-definition (HD)
Concepts
Analog broadcast

(All defunct): 819 line system · HD MAC · MUSE (Hi-Vision)
Digital broadcast

ATSC · DVB · ISDB · SBTVD · DMB-T/H
Audio

Dolby Digital (5.1) · MPEG-1 Layer II · PCM · LPCM · DXD · DSD · AAC
Filming and storage

HDV · DCI
HD media and
compression
Connectors

Component · HDMI · DVI · DisplayPort · VGA
Deployments
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDV"