HK2

Hexokinase 2
PDB rendering based on 2nzt.
Available structures PDB 2nzt
Identifiers
Symbols	HK2; DKFZp686M1669; HKII; HXK2
External IDs	OMIM: 601125 MGI: 1315197 HomoloGene: 37273 GeneCards: HK2 Gene
EC number	2.7.1.1
Gene Ontology Molecular function • nucleotide binding • glucokinase activity • hexokinase activity • ATP binding • glucose binding • kinase activity • transferase activity Cellular component • mitochondrion • mitochondrial outer membrane • cytosol • membrane Biological process • carbohydrate metabolic process • glycolysis • lactation • apoptotic mitochondrial changes • hexose transport • glucose transport • regulation of glucose import • carbohydrate phosphorylation • glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process • transmembrane transport Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	3099	15277
Ensembl	ENSG00000159399	ENSMUSG00000000628
UniProt	P52789	O08528
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000189	NM_013820.3
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000180	NP_038848.1
Location (UCSC)	Chr 2: 75.06 – 75.12 Mb	Chr 6: 82.68 – 82.72 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Hexokinase 2 also known as HK2 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the HK2 gene.

Function

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. This gene encodes hexokinase 2, the predominant form found in skeletal muscle. It localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is insulin-responsive, and studies in rat suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis seen in rapidly growing cancer cells.

Further reading

• Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature 437 (7062): 1173–8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. 
• Mamede M, Higashi T, Kitaichi M, et al. (2005). "18FFDG Uptake and PCNA, Glut-1, and Hexokinase-II Expressions in Cancers and Inflammatory Lesions of the Lung". Neoplasia 7 (4): 369–79. doi:10.1593/neo.04577. PMC 1501150. PMID 15967114. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1501150. 
• Machida K, Ohta Y, Osada H (2006). "Suppression of apoptosis by cyclophilin D via stabilization of hexokinase II mitochondrial binding in cancer cells". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (20): 14314–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.M513297200. PMID 16551620. 
• Ahn KJ, Kim J, Yun M, et al. (2009). "Enzymatic properties of the N- and C-terminal halves of human hexokinase II". BMB Rep 42 (6): 350–5. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2009.42.6.350. PMID 19558793. 
• Printz RL, Osawa H, Ardehali H, et al. (1997). "Hexokinase II gene: structure, regulation and promoter organization". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25 (1): 107–12. PMID 9056853. 
• Peng Q, Zhou J, Zhou Q, et al. (2009). "Silencing hexokinase II gene sensitizes human colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil". Hepatogastroenterology 56 (90): 355–60. PMID 19579598. 
• Shulga N, Wilson-Smith R, Pastorino JG (2009). "Hexokinase II Detachment from the Mitochondria Potentiates Cisplatin Induced Cytotoxicity through a Caspase-2 dependent Mechanism". Cell Cycle 8 (20): 3355–64. doi:10.4161/cc.8.20.9853. PMC 2829766. PMID 19770592. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2829766. 
• He HC, Bi XC, Zheng ZW, et al. (2009). "Real-time quantitative RT-PCR assessment of PIM-1 and hK2 mRNA expression in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer". Med. Oncol. 26 (3): 303–8. doi:10.1007/s12032-008-9120-9. PMID 19003546. 
• Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, et al. (2006). "A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration". Cell 125 (4): 801–14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032. PMID 16713569. 
• Sakai N, Terami H, Suzuki S, et al. (2008). "Identification of NR5A1 (SF-1/AD4BP) gene expression modulators by large-scale gain and loss of function studies". J. Endocrinol. 198 (3): 489–97. doi:10.1677/JOE-08-0027. PMID 18579725. 
• Foster LJ, Rudich A, Talior I, et al. (2006). "Insulin-dependent interactions of proteins with GLUT4 revealed through stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)". J. Proteome Res. 5 (1): 64–75. doi:10.1021/pr0502626. PMID 16396496. 
• Arzoine L, Zilberberg N, Ben-Romano R, Shoshan-Barmatz V (2009). "Voltage-dependent anion channel 1-based peptides interact with hexokinase to prevent its anti-apoptotic activity". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (6): 3946–55. doi:10.1074/jbc.M803614200. PMID 19049977. 
• Gimenez-Cassina A, Lim F, Cerrato T, et al. (2009). "Mitochondrial hexokinase II promotes neuronal survival and acts downstream of glycogen synthase kinase-3". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (5): 3001–11. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808698200. PMID 19033437. 
• Peng Q, Zhou Q, Zhou J, et al. (2008). "Stable RNA interference of hexokinase II gene inhibits human colon cancer LoVo cell growth in vitro and in vivo". Cancer Biol. Ther. 7 (7): 1128–35. doi:10.4161/cbt.7.7.6199. PMID 18535403. 
• Rodrí­guez-Enrí­quez S, Marí­n-Hernández A, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Moreno-Sánchez R (2009). "Kinetics of transport and phosphorylation of glucose in cancer cells". J. Cell. Physiol. 221 (3): 552–9. doi:10.1002/jcp.21885. PMID 19681047. 
• Kim JW, Gao P, Liu YC, et al. (2007). "Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 and Dysregulated c-Myc Cooperatively Induce Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Metabolic Switches Hexokinase 2 and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 1". Mol. Cell. Biol. 27 (21): 7381–93. doi:10.1128/MCB.00440-07. PMC 2169056. PMID 17785433. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2169056. 
• Fonteyne P, Casneuf V, Pauwels P, et al. (2009). "Expression of hexokinases and glucose transporters in treated and untreated oesophageal adenocarcinoma". Histol. Histopathol. 24 (8): 971–7. PMID 19554504. 
• Palmieri D, Fitzgerald D, Shreeve SM, et al. (2009). "Analyses of Resected Human Brain Metastases of Breast Cancer Reveal the Association between Up-regulation of Hexokinase 2 and Poor Prognosis". Mol. Cancer Res. 7 (9): 1438–45. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-09-0234. PMC 2746883. PMID 19723875. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2746883. 
• Peng QP, Zhou JM, Zhou Q, et al. (2008). "Downregulation of the hexokinase II gene sensitizes human colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil". Chemotherapy 54 (5): 357–63. doi:10.1159/000153655. PMID 18772588. 
• Paudyal B, Oriuchi N, Paudyal P, et al. (2008). "Expression of glucose transporters and hexokinase II in cholangiocellular carcinoma compared using [18F]-2-fluro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography". Cancer Sci. 99 (2): 260–6. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00683.x. PMID 18271924. 

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.