Hadith of the pond of Khumm

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See also: Ghadir Khumm, Wikisource:The Last Sermon of Muhammad, and Eid al-Ghadeer

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Prophet of Islam
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Arabic
حدیث غدیر خم
Transliteration
Hadith-i ghadir
Translation
Narration of the pond
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This is a sub-article to the Succession to Muhammad

The Hadith of the pond of Khumm (Arabic: غدير خم‎) refers to the saying (i.e. Hadith) about a historical event crucial to Islamic history. This event took place on 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah of 10 AH in the Islamic calendar( March 10, 632 AD) at a place called Ghadir Khumm, which is located near the city of al-Juhfah, Saudi Arabia and was a place where people from different provinces used to greet each other before taking different routes for their homes.[1]

Shia Muslims believe this event to be an appointment of Ali by Muhammad as his successor (Political and Religious). Sunni Muslims have two different points of view; one is that the appointment occurred the day when Ali's only spiritual authority was announced, while others believe that it was only a defence of Ali in the face of unjust criticism.

Contents

[edit] Background Context

A few months before his death, Muhammad – living in the city of Medina – made his last religious pilgrimage to Mecca in a trip referred to as The Farewell Pilgrimage. There, atop Mount Arafat, he addressed the Muslim masses in what came to be known as The Farewell Sermon. After completion of the Hajj, or religious pilgrimage, Muhammad turned back towards his home in Medina.

[edit] The Revelation of Qur'anic Verse

The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm (MS Arab 161, fol. 162r, AD 1309/8 Ilkhanid manuscript illustration)
Ghadir Al-Khumm location at present,Johfa
Mosque at Johfa
Part of a series on the
Ali
Life
Family tree · marital life · Descendants
Succession to Muhammad
Birthplace · First Fitna
Timeline of Ali's life
Hadith of the pond of Khumm
Legacy
Nahj al-Balagha · Qalam-e-Mowla
Zulfiqar · Imam Ali Mosque
Perspectives
Ali the Warrior · Ali as Caliph
The Fourteen Infallibles
The Twelve Imams
Ali in the Qur'an
Sunni · Shi'a
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim
Beliefs and practices
Succession to Muhammad
Imamate of the Family
Mourning of Muharram
Intercession · Ismah
The Occultation · Clergy
Views
The Qur'an · Sahaba
Holy days
Ashura · Arba'een · Mawlid
Eid ul-Fitr · Eid al-Adha
Eid al-Ghadeer
Eid al-Mubahila
History
Twelver · Ismāʿīlī · Zaidi
The verse of purification
Mubahala · Two things
Khumm · Fatimah's house
First Fitna · Second Fitna
The Battle of Karbala
Persecution
Ahl al-Kisa
Muhammad · Ali · Fatimah
Hasan · Hussein
Some companions
Salman the Persian
Miqdad ibn Aswad
Abu Dharr al-Ghifari
Ammar ibn Yasir
Bilal ibn Rabah

On the way back, the below Qur'anic verse was revealed

“O Messenger! Make known that which hath been revealed unto thee from thy Lord, for if thou do it not, thou wilt not have conveyed His message. Allah will protect thee from mankind.”[Quran 5:67 (Translated by Pickthall)]

following which Muhammad stopped at the pond of Khumm and delivered a sermon. Prominent narrators of traditions have attributed the revelation of this verse to be in relation to Ali on the occasion of Ghadeer Khumm[2][3]

The exact meaning of the sermon is a matter of much dispute; While Shia Muslims believe that through this sermon, Muhammad nominated Ali to be his successor, Sunni Muslims disagree about the authenticity of some of the statements of the sermon and also disagree on the interpretations.

[edit] The Hadith

On the way back to Medina, he ordered his Companions to stop at Ghadeer Khum and delivered a sermon of which, a brief version is quoted below,

O people, Allah the Most Kind the Omniscient has told me that no apostle lives to more than half the age of him who had preceded him. I think I am about to be called (die) and thus I must respond. I am responsible and you are responsible, then what do you say?’ They said, ‘We witness that you have informed, advised and striven. May Allah bless you.’ He said, ‘Do you not bear witness that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is His servant and Apostle, and that His Heaven is true, His Hell is true, death is true, the Resurrection after death is true, that there is no doubt that the Day of Judgment will come, and that Allah will resurrect the dead from their graves?’ They said, ‘Yes, we bear witness’. He said, ‘O Allah, bear witness.’ Then he said, ‘O people, Allah is my Lord and I am the lord of the believers. I am worthier of believers than themselves. Of whomsoever I had been Master (Mawla), Ali here is to be his Master. O Allah, be a supporter of whoever supports him (Ali) and an enemy of whoever opposes him.

Then he said,

‘O people, I will go ahead of you and you will arrive at my Pond (in Heaven) which is wider than the distance between Basra and San’a. It has receptacles as numerous as the stars, and two cups of gold and two of silver. I will ask you about the two weighty things that I have left for you when you come to me to see how you dealt with them. The greater weighty thing is Allah’s book—the Holy Qur’an. One end is in Allah’s hand and the other is in your hands. Keep it and you will not deviate. That other weighty thing is my family (Ahl al-Bayt) and my descendents. The Most Kind the Omniscient had told me that both of them, would not separate until they come to my Pond.

Another similar narration of the Hadith goes as follows

"Oh people! Reflect on the Quran and comprehend its verses. Look into its clear verses and do not follow its ambiguous parts, for by Allah, none shall be able to explain to you its warnings and its mysteries, nor shall anyone clarify its interpretation, other than the one that I have grasped his hand, brought up beside myself, [and lifted his arm,] the one about whom I inform you that whomever I am his master (Mawla), this Ali is his master (Mawla); and he is Ali Ibn Abi Talib, my brother, the executor of my will (Wasiyyi), whose appointment as your guardian and leader has been sent down to me from Allah, the mighty and the majestic."[4]

[edit] Citations from Sunni Sources

The above hadith has been cited in various Sunni sources including:

Abd Al Husayn Amini, Iranian Shia scholar also has gathered narrations of more than 110 companions (Sahaba)of Muhammad, as well as 40 followers of the prophet about this event in his book named Al Ghadir.

[edit] Oath of Allegiance by Umar and Gabriel's advice to him

On the completion of Muhammad's sermon, Umar al-Khattab said, "Congratulations to you, Ali! This morning has brought you a great blessing. Today you have become the master of all believing men and women". At a later occasion when Umar was asked about his special treatment to Ali as compared to other companions, his reply was, "He is my master."[186][187][188][189]

Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, a Shafi'i scholar, writes in his book, Mawaddat al-Qurba in Mawadda 5, that many companions quoted Umar in different places as having said that the Prophet made Ali the chief and leader of the nation and that the Prophet announced publicly that Ali was their master. Umar was also quoted saying that on the day of that announcement, a handsome youth was sitting besides him and that the youth said to him, "Surely, the Prophet has bound a covenant which none but a hypocrite would break. So Umar! Avoid breaking it." When Umar told Muhammad about the incident, Muhammad said that the youth was not of Adam's progeny but was Gabriel and was stressing the point about Ali.

[edit] Mu’awiyah is reminded about Ghadeer

When ‘Mu’awiyah arrived (in Mecca) during one of his pilgrimages, accordingly, Sa’d came to see him, and they happened to mention Ali. He (Mu’awiyah) thus diminished Ali. As a result, Sa’d became angry and said: ‘You are speaking of this man! I have heard the Messenger of Allah - peace and salutation of Allah be upon him - declare (On the day of Ghadeer) : ‘Of whomsoever I am the master, then Ali is his master. I have (also) heard him say: “You Ali are to me in position that Harun was to Musa, except that there is no prophet after me (See Hadith of position). And I have heard him announce: ‘Today I am indeed going to hand over the banner to a person who loves Allah and his Messenger".[190]

[edit] Sunni Explanation

The Sunni version of the hadith states that Ali was accused of wrongdoing, and Muhammad defended Ali by praising him. The Sunnis believe that Muhammad's intent behind the praise was not to nominate Ali as his successor but rather to defend Ali against the slander.[191]

Sunnis also note that if indeed Muhammad had planned to publicly inform the people that Ali would succeed him after his death, then he would have done this during the Farewell Pilgrimage and more specifically in the Farewell Sermon[192] (due to the fact that it would have reached a greater audience under a more appropriate setting).[193] Sunni’s draw further attention to the wording Muhammad used in reference to Ali, i.e. Mawla. Sunni’s note, if Muhammad had indeed sought to inform the people that Ali would be his successor, then he would not have used such an ambiguous word as Mawla. Instead, Muhammad would have used definitive, straightforward and more appropriate words such as Caliph or Imam etc.[194]

[edit] Sufi Explanation from Sunni Texts

The point of view taken up by Sufi's is the announcement of "Spiritual Authority" of Ali by Muhammad. Dr. Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri, a famous Sufi scholar cites 51 different hadith about the incident of Ghadir from various Sunni sources. He states in his book, The Ghadir Declaration that, "This (Ghadeer declaration) was the declaration of ‘Alī’s spiritual sovereignty and its unconditional acceptance is binding on the believers till the Day of Judgment. It clearly proves that anyone who denies ‘Alī’s spiritual leadership in fact denies the Prophet’s leadership. "

[edit] See also

(Hadith of the Brother in faith: Amir al-muminin peace be upon him said in 289'th maxim of Nahj Al-Balaghah: In the past I had a brother-in-faith and he was prestigious in my view because the world was humble in his eyes, the needs of the stomach did not have sway over him, he didn’t long for what he did not get; if he got a thing he would not ask for more; most of his time he was silent, if he spoke he silenced the other speakers, he quenched the thirst of questioners, he was weak and feeble but at the time of fighting he was like the lion of the forest or the serpent of the valley, he would not put forth an argument unless it was decisive. He would not abuse anyone in an excusable matter unless he had heard the excuse, he would not speak of any trouble except after its disappearance, he would say what he would do, and would not say what would not do, even if he could be exceeded in speaking, he could not be excelled in silence, he was more eager for keeping quiet than speaking and if two things confronted him he would see which was more akin to the longing of the heart and he would oppose it;…)

[edit] Further reading

[edit] References

  1. ^ Event of Ghadir Khumm
  2. ^ Al-Suyuti from Dur al-Manthur based on the authority of Ibn Asakir, Ibn Mardawayh and Ibn Abi Hatim who narrate from Abu Sa`id al-Khudri
  3. ^ Al-Shahrastani, in Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal (Publisher: Kegan Paul, London, 1984 CE pp. 139-140, as Muslim Sects and Divisions)
  4. ^ The Last Sermon of Muhammad by Shia Accounts http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Last_Sermon_of_Muhammad_by_Shia_Accounts/
  5. ^ Musnad, Narrated by Zathan, from thirteen persons, vol. 1 p. 84
  6. ^ Musnad, Narrated by Ziyad bin Abu Ziyad, from twelve persons, who had fought in the battle of Badr. vol. 1 p. 88
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  8. ^ Musnad, Narrated by Sa’id bin Wahhab and Zayd bin Yathigh, from twelve persons vol. 1 p. 118
  9. ^ Musnad, Narrated by Zayd bin Arqam, from sixteen persons, vol. 5 p. 370
  10. ^ Musnad, Narrated by Abut-Tufayl, from many persons, vol. 4 p. 370
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  138. ^ Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Narrated by Salama from Hudhayfa bin Usayd, vol. 13 p. 165
  139. ^ Muwazihul-Awham, Narrated by As’ad bin Zurara, from his father, vol. 1 p. 91
  140. ^ Al-Kafi ash-Shafi, Narrated by Isa bin Talha, from Talha bin Abdullah, p. 95
  141. ^ Talha, p. 95
  142. ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Narrated by Abdur-Rahman bin Abu Leyla from another direction, vol 2 p. 14
  143. ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Narrated by Abdur- Rahman bin abu Leyla, vol.2 p. 14
  144. ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Narrated by To Abu at-Tufayl, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol.2 p. 14
  145. ^ Tafsir ibn Kathir, Narrated by Zayd bin Wahhab and Abd Khayr, from Imam Ali, vol.2, p. 14
  146. ^ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, Narrated by Habashi bin Junada, p. 127
  147. ^ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, Narrated by Bishr bin Harb, from Jarir, p. 127
  148. ^ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, Narrated by Abu Ayyub, p. 157
  149. ^ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, Narrated to Abu at-Tufayl, from Zayd bin Arqam, p. 127 (Manuscript)
  150. ^ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, Narrated by Hudhayfa bin Usayd or Zayd bin Arqam, p. 157 (Manuscript)
  151. ^ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, Narrated by Amr Dhi Mur, vol. 5 p. 210
  152. ^ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, Narrated by Bint Ka’b (Ka’b’s daughter) from Abu Sa’id, vol. 5 p. 208
  153. ^ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, Narrated by Abu Maryam or Zayd bin Arqam, vol.7 p. 348
  154. ^ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, Narrated by Yazid bin Talha, vol. 5 p. 108
  155. ^ a b Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, Narrated by Al-Bara’ bin Aazib, vol. 5 p. 208
  156. ^ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, Narrated by Al Bara’ bin Aazib, vol. 5 p. 208
  157. ^ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, Narrated by Umar bin Ali, from Imam Ali, vol. 5, p. 221
  158. ^ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, Narrated From another direction to ‘Aa’isha bint Sa'd from Sa’d bin abu Waqqas, vol. 5 p. 208
  159. ^ Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, Narrated by Sa’d bin Malik, vol.3 p. 116
  160. ^ Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, Narrated by Ibn Wathila, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol.3 p. 109
  161. ^ Talkhis al-Mustadrak, Narrated by Aamir bin Wathila, vol.3 p. 109
  162. ^ Arjah ul-Matalib, Narrated by Abul-Hamra’, p. 581
  163. ^ Arjah ul-Matalib, Narrated by Fatima binte Muhammad p. 448 and 571
  164. ^ Al-Khawarizmi’s Manaqib, Narrated by Al-Bazzar, from Abu Hurayra, p. 94
  165. ^ Al-Khawarizmi’s Manaqib, Narrated by Al-Abdi, from Abu Sa’id
  166. ^ Al-Khawarizmi’s Manaqib, Narrated by Abd bin Thabit, from al-Bara’ bin Aazib, p. 93
  167. ^ Al-Khawarizmi’s Manaqib, Narrated by Aamir bin Wathila, from Imam Ali, vol.1, p. 41
  168. ^ Al-Khawarizmi’s Manaqib, Narrated by Salman, from Imam Ali, vol.1 p. 41
  169. ^ Al-Khawarizmi’s Manaqib, Narrated by Amr bin al-Aas, p. 125
  170. ^ Al-Khawarizmi’s Manaqib, Narrated by Amr bin al-Aas- Khawarizmi’s Manaqib, p. 126
  171. ^ Al-Mu'jam As-Saghir, Narrated by Tawus, from Burayda, vol.1 p. 71
  172. ^ Al-Jarh wa at-Ta’dil, Narrated by Abu Leyla bin Sa’id, from his father, vol.4 p. 431
  173. ^ The History of Islam, Narrated by Shu’ba, from Ibn Maymun, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol.2 p. 196
  174. ^ The History of Islam, Narrated by Aamir bin Sa’d, from Sa’d bin Abu Waqqas, vol.2
  175. ^ Fara'id al-Simtayn, Narrated by Al-Bara’ bin Aazib, vol.1 p. 64
  176. ^ Fara'id al-Simtayn, Narrated by Al-Bara’ bin Aazib from another direction, vol.1 p. 65
  177. ^ Fara'id al-Simtayn, Narrated by Ammar bin Yasir,vol.1 p. 195
  178. ^ Fara'id al-Simtayn, Narrated by Amr Dhi Mur, from Imam Ali, vol.1, p. 67
  179. ^ Fara'id al-Simtayn, Narrated by Sulaym bin Qays, from some persons, one of them was Abu Dharr, vol.1 p. 315
  180. ^ Fara'id al-Simtayn, Narrated by Hasan bin Thabit, vol.1 p. 73
  181. ^ Du’atul-Hudat, from Hudhayfa bin al-Yaman
  182. ^ Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa, from Amr bin al-Aas p. 93
  183. ^ Salama, abu at-Tufeil from Hudhayfa bin Useid al-Ghifari
  184. ^ Tawus, from his father- Ahmad bin Hanbal’s Manaqib, (Manuscript)
  185. ^ Mizanul-I’tidal, Amr Dhi Mur, from Imam Ali- vol.2 p. 303.
  186. ^ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, by Ibn Kathir, vol. 7, p. 349, Cairo: Matba`at al-Sa`adah (14 vols)
  187. ^ Fayd al-Qadir Sharh al-Jami` al-Saghir by Muhammad al-Munawi, vol. 6, pp. 217-8
  188. ^ Al-Milal wa al-Nihal by Al-Shahrastani, pp. 139-140, 1984, London: Kegan Paul, Muslim Sects and Divisions
  189. ^ Manaqib by Ibn al-Maghazili, pp. 18-19, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa, 1983
  190. ^ Ibn Majah, Sunan, Volume 1 Page 45, Cairo, 1952 CE,
  191. ^ Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal of Imam Ahmad volume 5, pg. 347, #22,995
  192. ^ Makkah, Ghadeer & Medina's map
  193. ^ Sheikh Dimashqiah on Hadith Gadeer Khumm
  194. ^ Sheikh Dimashqiah on Hadith Gadeer Khum

Coordinates: 22°49′30″N 39°04′30″E / 22.825°N 39.075°E / 22.825; 39.075

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