Hangover

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Hangover (disambiguation)
 This article needs attention from an expert in Medicine. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Medicine (or its Portal) may be able to help recruit an expert. (October 2012)
Hangover
Classification and external resources

La buveuse ("The Drinker"), a portrait of Suzanne Valadon by Toulouse-Lautrec.
ICD-10 G44.83, F10

A hangover /ˈhæŋoʊvər/ (medical terminology: veisalgia) is the experience of various unpleasant physiological effects following heavy consumption of alcoholic beverages. The most commonly reported characteristics of a hangover include headache, nausea, sensitivity to light and noise, lethargy, dysphoria, diarrhea and thirst, typically after the intoxicating effect of the alcohol begins to wear off. While a hangover can be experienced at any time, generally a hangover is experienced the morning after a night of heavy drinking. In addition to the physical symptoms, a hangover may also induce psychological symptoms including heightened feelings of depression and anxiety.

Hypoglycemia, dehydration, acetaldehyde intoxication, and glutamine rebound are all theorized causes of hangover symptoms.[1] Hangover symptoms may persist for several days after alcohol was last consumed. Some aspects of a hangover are viewed as symptoms of acute ethanol withdrawal, similar to the longer-duration effects of withdrawal from alcoholism, as determined by studying the increases in brain reward thresholds in rats (the amount of current required to receive from two electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamus) following ethanol injection.[2]

Contents

Causes[edit]

Hangovers are caused by several factors. First, the body has to metabolize the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages: ethanol. This process requires cellular energy, distracting the body from normal activities like making glucose for the brain. Even after all the ethanol is metabolized, the by-products of this process can cause additional problems. Likewise, other substances in certain alcoholic beverages can make a hangover worse. Lastly, ethanol is a diuretic and can lead to dehydration.

Metabolism[edit]

After being ingested, ethanol is first converted to acetaldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and then to acetic acid by the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. These reactions also convert NAD+ to NADH. However, by causing a shortage of NAD+ and an excess of NADH, alcoholic beverages make normal bodily functions more difficult. For example, excess NADH causes the important citric acid cycle to shut down by inhibiting three important enzymes (citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase).

To correct this imbalance the body uses pyruvate and lactate dehydrogenase to convert the excess NADH back into NAD+. In the process, however, the body diverts pyruvate from other important pathways such as gluconeogenesis. This impairs the ability of the liver to compensate for a drop in blood glucose levels, especially for the brain. Because glucose is the primary energy source of the brain, this lack of glucose (hypoglycemia) contributes to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, mood disturbances, and decreased attention and concentration.[citation needed]

Alcohol consumption can result in depletion of the liver's supply of glutathione[3] and other reductive detoxification agents,[4] reducing its ability to effectively remove acetaldehyde and other toxins from the bloodstream. Additionally, alcohol induces the CYP2E1 enzyme, which itself can produce additional toxins and free radicals.[5]

By-products of ethanol[edit]

Acetaldehyde, the first by-product of ethanol, is between 10 and 30 times more toxic than alcohol itself.[6] In addition, certain genetic factors can amplify the negative effects of acetaldehyde. For example, East Asian people have a mutation in their alcohol dehydrogenase gene that makes this enzyme unusually fast at converting ethanol to acetaldehyde. Therefore, acetaldehyde accumulates faster in those people. In addition, about half of these people are slower at converting the acetaldehyde to acetic acid (via acetaldehyde dehydrogenase), causing the acetaldehyde to build-up even more.[7] All together, this high acetaldehyde concentration causes the alcohol flush reaction. Since hangovers might be immediate and severe in some of these people, they are less likely to become alcoholics.[8][9]

Likewise, acetic acid (or the acetate ion) can cause additional problems. One study found that injecting sodium acetate into rats caused them to have nociceptive behavior (headaches). In addition, there is a biochemical explanation for this finding. High acetate levels cause adenosine to accumulate in many parts of the brain. But when the rats were given caffeine, which blocks the action of adenosine, they no longer experienced headaches.[10][11][12][13]

Congeners[edit]

In addition to ethanol and water, most alcoholic drinks also contain congeners, either as flavoring or as a by-product of fermentation. However, different types of alcohol contain different amounts of congeners. In general, dark liquors have a higher concentration while clear liquors have a lower concentration.

Several studies have examined whether certain types of alcohol cause worse hangovers.[14][15][16][17] All four studies concluded that darker liquors, which have higher congeners, produced worse hangovers. One even showed that hangover were worse and more frequent with darker liquors.[14] In a 2006 study, an average of 14 standard drinks (330 ml) of beer was needed to produce a hangover, but only 7 to 8 drinks was required for wine or liquor.[17] Another study ranked several drinks by their ability to cause a hangover (from low to high): distilled ethanol diluted with fruit juice, beer, vodka, gin, white wine, whisky, rum, red wine, and brandy.[16][17] While congeners do cause hangovers, they do not affect how drunk the person becomes.[15]

One potent congener is methanol. It is naturally formed in small quantities during fermentation and it can be accidentally concentrated by improper distillation techniques. Metabolism of methanol produces an extremely toxic compound, formaldehyde; however, its metabolism is suppressed when ethanol is present in the bloodstream. Therefore, methanol is a likely cause of hangovers that begin when the person's blood alcohol level approaches zero. Incidentally, these hangovers can be "cured" by consuming more ethanol.

Dehydration and age[edit]

Ethanol has a dehydrating effect by causing increased urine production (diuresis), which causes headaches, dry mouth, and lethargy. Dehydration also causes fluids in the brain to be less plentiful. This can be mitigated by drinking water before, during and after consumption of alcohol. Alcohol's effect on the stomach lining can account for nausea.[citation needed] In addition, it is often said that hangovers grow worse as one ages; this is thought to be caused by declining supplies of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme involved in metabolizing alcohol.[18]

Symptoms[edit]

Question book-new.svg
 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012)

An alcohol hangover is associated with a variety of symptoms that may include dehydration, fatigue, headache, body aches, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, weakness, elevated body temperature and heart rate, hypersalivation, difficulty concentrating, sweating, anxiety, dysphoria, irritability, sensitivity to light and noise, erratic motor functions (including tremor), trouble sleeping, severe hunger, halitosis, and lack of depth perception. Many people will also be repulsed by the thought, taste or smell of alcohol during a hangover. The symptoms vary significantly from person to person, and it is not clear whether hangovers directly affect cognitive abilities.

Research[edit]

Psychological research of alcohol hangover is growing rapidly. The Alcohol Hangover Research Group had its inaugural meeting in June 2010 as part of the Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA) 33rd Annual Scientific Meeting in San Antonio, Texas.

In 2010, researchers from the Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research at the University of Aarhus in Copenhagen charted how hangovers progress over time in the face of continued drinking. They found no evidence of hangover tolerance. Instead, they found that hangover symptoms became steadily worse over the course of one week.[19]

In 2012, Éduc'alcool, a Quebec-based non-profit organization that aims to educate the public on the responsible use of alcohol, published a report noting hangovers have long-lasting effects that inhibit the drinker's capabilities a full 24 hours after heavy drinking.[20]

Possible remedies[edit]

Hangovers are poorly understood from a medical point of view.[21] Health care professionals prefer to study alcohol abuse from a standpoint of treatment and prevention, and there is a view that the hangover provides a useful, natural and intrinsic disincentive to excessive drinking.[22]

Within the limited amount of serious study on the subject, there is debate about whether a hangover may be prevented or at least mitigated; additionally, there is a vast body of folk medicine and simple quackery. There is currently no empirically proven mechanism for prevention except reducing the amount of ethanol consumed, or for making oneself sober other than waiting for the body to metabolize ingested alcohol, which occurs via oxidation through the liver before alcohol leaves the body. A four-page literature review in the British Medical Journal concludes: "No compelling evidence exists to suggest that any conventional or complementary intervention is effective for preventing or treating alcohol hangover. The most effective way to avoid the symptoms of alcohol induced hangover is to avoid drinking."[23]

Potentially beneficial remedies[edit]

  • Rehydration: "Effective interventions include rehydration, prostaglandin inhibitors, and vitamin B6".[24]
  • Tolfenamic acid (TA): A study concludes that "TA was found significantly better than placebo in the subjective evaluation of drug efficacy (p < 0.001) and in reducing the reported hangover symptoms in general (p < 0.01). In the TA group, significantly lower symptom scores were obtained for headache (p < 0.01), and for nausea, vomiting, irritation, tremor, thirst, and dryness of mouth (all p < 0.05)."[25]
  • Vitamin B6 (pyritinol): Some studies have found large doses of Vitamin B6 (several hundred times the recommended daily intake) can help to reduce hangovers.[24][26] As it happens, brewers' yeast supplements are reasonably high in Vitamin B6.[1]
  • Chlormethiazole: "Chlormethiazole was found to lower blood pressure and adrenaline output and, furthermore, to relieve unpleasant physical symptoms, but did not affect fatigue and drowsiness. The cognitive test results were only slightly influenced by this agent, while psychomotor performance was significantly impaired. Subjects with severe subjective hangover seemed to benefit more from the chlormethiazole treatment than subjects with a mild hangover."[27] "However, all 8 subjects had unpleasant nasal symptoms following chlormethiazole, and it is therefore not an ideal hypnotic for this age group."[28]
  • Opuntia ficus-indica: An extract of Opuntia ficus indica has been found to reduce the effects of hangover. "The severity of the alcohol hangover may be related to inflammation induced by impurities in the alcohol beverage and byproducts of alcohol metabolism. An extract of the Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) plant diminishes the inflammatory response to stressful stimuli." [29]
  • Pedialyte: Pedialyte may be an effective remedy for hangovers due to its replacement of lost electrolytes. Sports drinks, such as Gatorade, may also benefit in a similar manner.
  • Hair of the dog: The belief that consumption of further alcohol after the onset of a hangover will relieve symptoms, based upon the theory that the hangover represents a form of withdrawal[22] and that by satiating the body's need for alcohol the symptoms will be relieved. Certainly the additional alcohol has a sedating and anaesthetic effect.[30] While the practice is affirmed by tradition[31] and by many hospitality providers,[32] medical opinion holds that the practice merely postpones the symptoms, and courts addiction.[33] Favored choices include Fernet Branca[34] and Bloody Mary.[30]
  • Yeast-based extracts: There is some evidence that the consumption of a yeast-based extract rich in thiamine and riboflavin (such as Vegemite or Marmite) is effective in the relief of hangover symptoms.[23] These extracts are commonly manufactured from a by-product of beer production.
  • Food and water: consumption of foods such as eggs, which contain cysteine, and water may be enough to replenish lost moisture and at least rehydrate the body, making a hangover shorter. Researchers has found that beef noodle soup "Yaka mein" commonly found in New Orleans work as an effective cure for hangovers.[35] A traditional hangover remedy in India is coconut water, the natural electrolytes of which will assist in rehydration of the body. A bacon sandwich has also been claimed to effectively relieve hangovers,.[36] 2M2B, another higher alcohol, occurs in fried bacon.[37] Fruit juice has been reported to alleviate some of the symptoms.[2]
  • Oxygen: There have been anecdotal reports from those with easy access to a breathing oxygen supply – medical staff, SCUBA divers and military pilots — that oxygen can also reduce the symptoms of hangovers sometimes caused by alcohol consumption. The theory is that the increased oxygen flow resulting from oxygen therapy improves the metabolic rate, and thus increases the speed at which toxins are broken down.[38] However, one source states that (in an aviation context) oxygen has no effect on physical impairment caused by hangover.[39]
  • Rosiglitazone: [Study in rats] "Rosiglitazone alleviated the symptoms of ethanol-induced hangover by inducing ALD2 expression..."[40]
  • Acetylcysteine: There are claims that N-acetylcysteine can relieve or prevent symptoms of hangover through scavenging of acetylaldehyde, particularly when taken concurrently with alcohol.[41] Additional reduction in acetaldehyde toxicity can be achieved if NAC is taken in conjunction with vitamin B1 (thiamine).[6]
  • Acétyl-leucine: Sold under the brand name of Tanganil, this is the standard remedy prescribed to people suffering from chronic vertigo, and so may lessen the "whirling pit" effect of a hangover, where there is a dysfunction between the nerves which control the notion of balance in the ears and the brain.[citation needed]
  • Marijuana: It is commonly believed that THC, the active chemical in marijuana, is an effective hangover remedy. THC may help ease the main symptoms of hangovers: nausea and headache. The advantage is two-fold; as once a sufferer's nausea has abated, and his appetite is stimulated, hypoglycemia becomes easier to resolve.[citation needed]

Ineffective or unproven remedies[edit]

Recommendations for foods, drinks and activities to relieve hangover symptoms abound. The ancient Romans, on the authority of Pliny the Elder, favored raw owl's eggs or fried canary,[42] while the "Prairie Oyster" restorative, introduced at the 1878 Paris World Exposition, calls for raw egg yolk mixed with Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, salt and pepper.[43] By 1938, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel provided a hangover remedy in the form of a mixture of Coca-Cola and milk[43] (Coca-Cola itself having been invented, by some accounts,[44][45] as a hangover remedy). Alcoholic writer Ernest Hemingway relied on tomato juice and beer.[46] Certain mixtures were developed specifically for the purpose. The "Black Velvet" consists of equal parts champagne and flat Guinness Stout,[46] A 1957 survey by a Wayne State University folklorist found widespread belief in the efficacy of heavy fried foods, tomato juice and sexual activity.[31]

Activities said to be restorative include a shower—alternating very hot and very cold water,[47] exercise,[48][unreliable source?] and steambath or sauna (although medical opinion holds this to be very dangerous, as the combination of alcohol and hyperthermia increases the likelihood of dangerous cardiac arrhythmias).[49]

Other untested or discredited treatments include:

  • Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) extract: "Our results suggest that artichoke extract is not effective in preventing the signs and symptoms of alcohol-induced hangover."[50]
  • Propranolol: "We conclude that propranolol does not prevent the symptoms of hangover."[51][52]
  • Fructose and glucose: A 1976 research came to the conclusion that "The results indicate that both fructose and glucose effectively inhibit the metabolic disturbances induced by ethanol but they do not affect the symptoms or signs of alcohol intoxication and hangover."[53] Nevertheless, consumption of honey (a significant fructose and glucose source) is often suggested as a way to reduce the effect of hangovers.[54]
  • Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata): The main ingredient in remedies such as kakkonto. A study concluded, "The chronic usage of Pueraria lobata at times of high ethanol consumption, such as in hangover remedies, may predispose subjects to an increased risk of acetaldehyde-related neoplasm and pathology. ... Pueraria lobata appears to be an inappropriate herb for use in herbal hangover remedies as it is an inhibitor of ALDH2."[55]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Perry, Lacy. "HowStuffWorks "How Hangovers Work"". Health.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2010-03-26. 
  2. ^ Schulteis G, Liu J (May 2006). "Brain reward deficits accompany withdrawal (hangover) from acute ethanol in rats". Alcohol 39 (1): 21–8. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2006.06.008. PMC 2266583. PMID 16938626. 
  3. ^ Kera Y, Ohbora Y, Komura S (1989). "Buthionine sulfoximine inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis enhances hepatic lipid peroxidation in rats during acute ethanol intoxication". Alcohol Alcohol. 24 (6): 519–24. PMID 2576368. 
  4. ^ Stickel F, Schuppan D, Hahn EG, Seitz HK (July 2002). "Cocarcinogenic effects of alcohol in hepatocarcinogenesis". Gut 51 (1): 132–9. doi:10.1136/gut.51.1.132. PMC 1773267. PMID 12077107. 
  5. ^ Kessova I, Cederbaum AI (September 2003). "CYP2E1: biochemistry, toxicology, regulation and function in ethanol-induced liver injury". Curr. Mol. Med. 3 (6): 509–18. doi:10.2174/1566524033479609. PMID 14527082. 
  6. ^ a b Sprince H, Parker CM, Smith GG, Gonzales LJ (April 1974). "Protection against acetaldehyde toxicity in the rat by L-cysteine, thiamin and L-2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid". Agents Actions 4 (2): 125–30. doi:10.1007/BF01966822. PMID 4842541. 
  7. ^ Xiao Q, Weiner H, Crabb DW (1996). "The mutation in the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene responsible for alcohol-induced flushing increases turnover of the enzyme tetramers in a dominant fashion". J. Clin. Invest. 98 (9): 2027–32. doi:10.1172/JCI119007. PMC 507646. PMID 8903321. 
  8. ^ Earleywine, Mitchell (1999). Mind-Altering Drugs: The Science of Subjective Experience. OUP USA. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-19-516531-9. 
  9. ^ Wall, TL; Peterson, CM; Peterson, KP; Johnson, ML; Thomasson, HR; Cole, M; Ehlers, CL (1997-09-01). "Alcohol Metabolism in Asian-American Men with Genetic Polymorphisms of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase". Ann Intern Med 127 (5): 376–9. PMID 9273829. Retrieved 2010-02-03. 
  10. ^ http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015963
  11. ^ Maxwell, CR; Spangenberg, RJ; Hoek, JB; Silberstein, SD; Oshinsky, ML (2010). "Acetate Causes Alcohol Hangover Headache in Rats". In Skoulakis, Efthimios M. C. PLoS ONE 5 (12): e15963. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015963. PMC 3013144. PMID 21209842. 
  12. ^ 'Acetate Causes Alcohol Hangover Headache in Rats' by Christina Maxwell et al., PLoS ONE 5(12): e15963.
  13. ^ 'Is coffee the real cure for a hangover?' by Bob Holmes, New Scientist, Jan. 15 2011, p. 17.
  14. ^ a b Wiese JG, Shlipak MG, Browner WS (6 June 2000). "The alcohol hangover". Ann. Intern. Med. 132 (11): 897–902. PMID 10836917. 
  15. ^ a b 8:32 p.m. ET (2009-12-18). "Whiskey hangover worse than vodka, study says". MSNBC. Retrieved 2010-02-03. 
  16. ^ a b Pawan GLS (1973). "Alcoholic drinks and hangover effects.". Proc Nutr Soc 32 (1): 15A. PMID 4760771. 
  17. ^ a b c Verster J. C. (2006). "Congeners and alcohol hangover: differences in severity among Dutch college students after consuming beer, wine or liquor". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 30 (Suppl. 6): 53A. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00150.x. 
  18. ^ "Medical miscellany: Why hangovers get worse with age". Daily Mail (London). 2009-11-10. Retrieved 2010-03-26. 
  19. ^ Hesse (2010). "Predictors of hangover during a week of heavy drinking on holiday". Addiction 105 (3): 476–483. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02816.x. 
  20. ^ Éduc’alcool, "Alcohol and Health: Alcohol Hangover", July 2012.
  21. ^ Verster, J. C. (2008). "The alcohol hangover-a puzzling phenomenon". Alcohol and Alcoholism 43 (2): 124–126. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm163. PMID 18182417. 
  22. ^ a b Glater, Jonathan D. (2004-12-07). "Raw Eggs? Hair of the Dog? New Options for the Besotted". The New York Times. 
  23. ^ a b Pittler MH, Verster JC, Ernst E (December 2005). "Interventions for preventing or treating alcohol hangover: systematic review of randomised controlled trials". BMJ 331 (7531): 1515–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1515. PMC 1322250. PMID 16373736. 
  24. ^ a b Wiese JG, Shlipak MG, Browner WS (June 2000). "The alcohol hangover". Ann. Intern. Med. 132 (11): 897–902. PMID 10836917. 
  25. ^ S. Kaivola1, J. Parantainen, T. Österman and H. Timonen Kaivola, S.; Parantainen, J.; Osterman, T.; Timonen, H. (March 1983). "Hangover headache and prostaglandins: Prophylactic treatment with tolfenamic acid". Cephalalgia 3 (1): 31–6. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1983.0301031.x. PMID 6342813. 
  26. ^ Khan MA, Jensen K, Krogh HJ (December 1973). "Alcohol-induced hangover. A double-blind comparison of pyritinol and placebo in preventing hangover symptoms". Q J Stud Alcohol 34 (4): 1195–201. PMID 4588294. 
  27. ^ Myrsten AL, Rydberg U, Ideström CM, Lamble R (1980). "Alcohol intoxication and hangover: modification of hangover by chlormethiazole". Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 69 (2): 117–25. doi:10.1007/BF00427636. PMID 6779303. 
  28. ^ Castleden CM, George CF, Sedgwick EM (March 1979). "Chlormethiazole--no hangover effect but not an ideal hypnotic for the young". Postgrad Med J 55 (641): 159–60. doi:10.1136/pgmj.55.641.159. PMC 2425402. PMID 379841. 
  29. ^ Jeff Wiese, MD; Steve McPherson, MD; Michelle C. Odden, BS; Michael G. Shlipak, MD, MPH (2004). "Effect of Opuntia ficus indica on Symptoms of the Alcohol Hangover". Arch Intern Medicine 164 (2): 1334–1340. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.12.1334. PMID 15226168. 
  30. ^ a b "Anti-Hangover Tips". The Webtender. Retrieved 2010-03-26. 
  31. ^ a b Paulsen, Frank M. (April–June 1961). "A Hair of the Dog and Some Other Hangover Cures from Popular Tradition". The Journal of American Folklore 74 (292): 152–168. JSTOR 537784. 
  32. ^ English, Camper (2006-12-29). "For hangovers, bartenders prefer the 'hair of the dog' - SFGate". Articles.sfgate.com. Retrieved 2010-03-26. 
  33. ^ "Hangover Myths Slideshow: Hangover Cures, Herbal Remedies, Hair of the Dog, and Other Common Myths". Webmd.com. 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2010-03-26. 
  34. ^ Curtis, Wayne (2010-03-05). "The Bitter Beginning - Magazine". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2010-03-26. 
  35. ^ 'Old sober' soup the perfect hangover cure: report
  36. ^ "Bacon sandwich really does cure a hangover". The Daily Telegraph (London). 7 April 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010. [dead link]
  37. ^ Ho CT et al; Lee, Ken N.; Jin, Qi Zhang (1983). "Isolation and identification of volatile flavor compounds in fried bacon". J Agric Food Chem 31 (2): 336–342. doi:10.1021/jf00116a038. 
  38. ^ Walker, Timothy; Fitzgerald, Mary (17 April 2007). "A drinker's guide to hangovers". The Independent (London). 
  39. ^ Reihheart, Richard (2007). Basic Flight Physiology. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 179. ISBN 0-7735-0801-5. 
  40. ^ Jung TW, Lee JY, Shim WS, et al. (2006). "Rosiglitazone relieves acute ethanol-induced hangover in Sprague-Dawley rats". Alcohol Alcohol. 41 (3): 231–5. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl013. PMID 16554376. 
  41. ^ Fawkes, SW CERI: Living with Alcohol Smart Drug News 1996 Dec 13
  42. ^ Forbes http://www.forbes.com/2003/01/01/cx_cd_0101featsidebar_3.html |url= missing title (help). 
  43. ^ a b Felten, Eric (2008-12-27). "Recipe to Cure a New Year's Eve Hangover - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2010-03-26. 
  44. ^ Ian Ellis. "March 29 - Today in Science History". Todayinsci.com. Retrieved 2010-03-26. 
  45. ^ "// Welcome To". Colamyths.com. Retrieved 2010-03-26. 
  46. ^ a b http://urbanlegends.about.com/od/medical/a/hair_of_the_dog.htm
  47. ^ Read, Jennifer (17 March 2010). "Eight great SDNN-recommended hangover cures". San Diego News Network. Retrieved 2 May 2010. 
  48. ^ "Hangover Remedies". Health 911. Retrieved 2 May 2010. 
  49. ^ Ylikahri R, Heikkonen E, Soukas A (1988). "The sauna and alcohol.". Ann Clin Res. 20 (4): 287–91. PMID 3218903. 
  50. ^ Max H. Pittler, Adrian R. White, Clare Stevinson and Edzard Ernst Effectiveness of artichoke extract in preventing alcohol-induced hangovers: a randomized controlled trial CMAJ December 9, 2003; 169 (12)
  51. ^ Bogin RM, Nostrant TT, Young MJ (1986). "Propranolol for the treatment of the alcoholic hangover". Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 12 (3): 279–84. doi:10.3109/00952998609007397. PMID 3503570. 
  52. ^ Bogin RM, Nostrant TT, Young MJ (1987). "Propranolol for the treatment of the alcoholic hangover". Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 13 (1–2): 175–80. doi:10.3109/00952998709001507. PMID 3318398. 
  53. ^ Ylikahri RH, Leino T, Huttunen MO, Pösö AR, Eriksson CJ, Nikkilä (January 1976). "Effects of fructose and glucose on ethanol-induced metabolic changes and on the intensity of alcohol intoxication and hangover". Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 6 (1): 93–102. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1976.tb00498.x. PMID 1253812. 
  54. ^ "UMDNJ Experts Suggest Remedies for Holiday Headaches". Umdnj.edu. 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
  55. ^ McGregor NR (November 2007). "Pueraria lobata (Kudzu root) hangover remedies and acetaldehyde-associated neoplasm risk". Alcohol 41 (7): 469–78. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.07.009. PMID 17980785. 

External links[edit]

Look up hangover or veisalgia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
General
Alcohol
SID
Diseases
Neurological
disorders
Digestive
system
Nervous
system
SUD
Opioids
Cannabis
Sedative /
hypnotic
Cocaine
Stimulants
Hallucinogen
Tobacco
Volatile
solvent
Multiple

M: PSO/PSI

dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo

proc (eval/thrp), drug (N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)
Primary
Secondary
ICHD 13
Other
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hangover&oldid=559188335"