Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup A

Migration map4.png
Possible time of origin 50,000 YBP
Possible place of origin Asia
Ancestor N
Descendants A3, A4, A5, A7, A8
Defining mutations 152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Contents

[edit] Origin

mtDNA-based chart of possible large human migrations.

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000-50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N.

Its highest frequencies are among Indigenous peoples of the Americas, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Siberia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East or Central Asia.[2]

[edit] Distribution

Its subgroup A1 is found in northern and central Asia, while its subgroup A2 is found in Siberia and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.[2]

Haplogroup A is the most common haplogroup among the Chukchis, Eskimos, Na-Denes, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Approximately 8% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.[3][4] Approximately 7% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (mostly A4 and A5).[5] 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.[6]

[edit] Subclades

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.

  • A
    • A3
    • A4
      • A4a
        • A4a1
          • A4a1a
      • A4b
      • A4c
        • A4c1
      • A2
        • A2a
          • A2a2
        • A2b
          • A2b1
        • A2c
        • A2d
          • A2d1
            • A2d1a
          • A2d2
          • A2e
          • A2f
            • A2f1
              • A2f1a
          • A2g
          • A2h
          • A2i
          • A2j
            • A2j1
          • A2k
            • A2k1
          • A2n
          • A2p
        • A2q
      • A6
    • A5
      • A5a
        • A5a1
          • A5a1a
            • A5a1a1
              • A5a1a1a
              • A5a1a1b
            • A5a1a2
          • A5a1b
        • A5a2
      • A5b
      • A5c
    • A7
    • A8
    • A9

[edit] Popular culture

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[7][8]

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

[edit] See also

Evolutionary tree of Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1-6
L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6
  M N  
CZ D E G Q   A S   R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT P  U
HV JT K
H V J T

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 2009-05-20. 
  2. ^ a b Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, Ana C.S. Valls, Mauricio R. Bogo, Francisco M. Salzano, David Glenn Smith, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Sidney E.B. Santos, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, and Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (pdf). American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026. http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  3. ^ Han-Jun Jin, Chris Tyler-Smith and Wook Kim, "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" PLoS ONE (2009)
  4. ^ Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China," Hum Genet (2003) 113 : 391–405. DOI 10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7
  5. ^ Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835
  6. ^ Marchani, EE; Watkins, WS; Bulayeva, K; Harpending, HC; Jorde, LB (2008). "Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: Autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan". BMC genetics 9: 47. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. PMC 2488347. PMID 18637195. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2488347. 
  7. ^ "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health". Scientific American. http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html. 
  8. ^ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover - Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html. Retrieved 2009-11-18 

[edit] External links

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