Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup B

Yhaplotree.JPG
Possible time of origin 60,000-65,000 years BP
Possible place of origin Central Africa
Ancestor BT
Descendants B1, B2
Defining mutations M60, M181/Page32, P85, P90, V62, V75, V78, V83, V84, V85, V90, V93, V94, V185, V197, V217, V227, V234, V237, and V44
Highest frequencies Baka 63% (Gabon & Cameroon)[1] - 72% (CAR),[2] Hadzabe (Tanzania) 52%[3]-60%,[4] Nuer (Sudan) 50%,[5] Mbuti (DRC) 33%[6]-60%,[2] Biaka (CAR) 35%[6]-55%,[2] Central Africa 32%,[7] Tsumkwe San (Namibia) 31%,[2] Khoisan 28%,[7] Shilluk (Sudan) 27%,[5] Burunge (Tanzania) 25%,[4] Dinka (Sudan) 23%,[5] Ngumba (Cameroon) 23%[2]-33%,[1] Eviya (Gabon) 21%,[1] Fali (Cameroon) 18%,[6] Sotho–Tswana (South Africa) 18%,[2] Zulu (South Africa) 17%,[2] Eshira (Gabon) 17%,[1] Shake (Gabon) 16%,[1] Hausa (Sudan) 16%,[5] Sukuma (Tanzania) 16%,[3] Bakola (Cameroon) 15%[2]-36%,[1] Copts (Sudan) 15%,[5] Sudan 15%,[7] Kunama (Eritrea) 15%,[8] Tutsi (Rwanda) 15%,[9] Sandawe (Tanzania) 15%,[4] Uldeme (Cameroon) 5%[6]-31%,[2] Nuba (Sudan) 14%,[5] Makina (Gabon) 14%,[1] Southern Africa 13%,[7] Mali 11%,[7] Ewondo (Cameroon) 10%,[6] Ethiopia 10%,[7] Shona (Zimbabwe) 10%[2]
Haplogroup B (Y-DNA) was the ancestral haplogroup of modern Pygmies.

In human genetics, Haplogroup B (M60) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Contents

[edit] Distribution

Haplogroup B is localized to sub-Saharan Africa, especially to tropical forests of West-Central Africa. After Y-haplogroup A, it is the second oldest and one of the most diverse human Y-haplogroups. It was the ancestral haplogroup of not only modern Pygmies like the Baka and Mbuti, but also Hadzabe from Tanzania, who often have been considered, in large part because of some typological features of their language, to be a remnant of Khoisan people in East Africa.

According to one study of the Y-DNA of populations in Sudan, haplogroup B is found in approximately 30% (16/53) of Southern Sudanese, 16% (5/32) of local Hausa people, 14% (4/28) of the Nuba of central Sudan, 3.7% (8/216) of Northern Sudanese (but only among Copts and Nubians), and 2.2% (2/90) of Western Sudanese.[5] According to another study, haplogroup B is found in approximately 15% of Sudanese males, including 12.5% (5/40) B2a1a-M109/M152 and 2.5% (1/40) B-M60(xB1a-M146, B2a-M150, B2b-M112).[7]

In Madagascar, haplogroup B has been found in approximately 9% of Malagasy males, including 6% (2/35) B-M60(xB2b-50f2(P)) and 3% (1/35) B2b-50f2(P).[10]

[edit] Subclades

[edit] B1

Haplogroup B1*-M236/M288 has been found in 4% (2/48) of a sample of Bamileke males from southern Cameroon.[6]

[edit] B1a

Haplogroup B1a-M146 has been found in 2% (1/49) of a sample of Mossi males from Burkina Faso[6] and in 2% (1/44) of a sample of unspecified ethnic affiliation from Mali.[7]

[edit] B2

Haplogroup B2*-M182 has been found in 6% (3/47) of a sample of Mbuti males from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 6% (2/33) of a sample of Bakola males from southern Cameroon,[2] 6% (1/18) of a sample of Dama males from Namibia,[2] and 3% (1/31) of a sample of Biaka males from Central African Republic.[2]

[edit] B2a

Haplogroup B2a*-M150 has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of Mbuti males from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[6]

Haplogroup B2a-M150(xB2a1a-M152) has been observed in 11% (5/47) of a sample of Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Tupuri from northern Cameroon, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Luo from Kenya, 7% (4/55) of a sample of Dogon from Mali, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic, and 2% (1/42) of a sample of Kikuyu and Kamba from Kenya.[2]

Haplogroup B2a-M150(xB2a1a-M109/M152, B2a2-M108.1) has been found in 3% (1/37) of a sample from Central Africa, 2% (1/44) of a sample from Mali, and 1% (1/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.[7]

Without testing for any downstream mutation, haplogroup B2a-M150 has been found in 33.3% (8/24) of a sample of Ngumba from Cameroon,[1] 20.8% (5/24) of a sample of Eviya from Gabon,[1] 18.2% (4/22) of a sample of Bakola from Cameroon,[1] 14.3% (6/42) of a sample of Eshira from Gabon,[1] 14.0% (6/43) of a sample of Makina from Gabon,[1] 14.0% (6/43) of a sample of Shake from Gabon,[1] 8.6% (5/58) of a sample of Punu from Gabon,[1] 8.3% (5/60) of a sample of Tsogo from Gabon,[1] 7.0% (4/57) of a sample of Nzebi from Gabon,[1] 6.7% (1/15) of a sample of Mbugwe from Tanzania,[4] 4.3% (2/46) of a sample of Duma from Gabon,[1] 4.3% (2/47) of a sample of Obamba from Gabon,[1] 4.2% (2/48) of a sample of Benga from Gabon,[1] 3.8% (2/53) of a sample of Kota from Gabon,[1] 2.8% (1/36) of a sample of Ndumu from Gabon,[1] 2.1% (1/47) of a sample of Galoa from Gabon,[1] 2.0% (1/50) of a sample of Akele from Gabon,[1] 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Fang from Gabon,[1] 1.5% (1/68) of a sample of Sandawe from Tanzania,[4] 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar,[11] and 0.64% (1/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.[12]

[edit] B2a1

Haplogroup B2a1*-M218 has been found in 6% (1/18) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Adamawa languages from northern Cameroon.[6]

[edit] B2a1a

Haplogroup B2a1a (M109, M152, P32, P50) is the most commonly observed subclade of haplogroup B.

In Central Africa, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 23% (7/31) of Ngumba males from southern Cameroon,[2] 18% (7/39) of Fali males from northern Cameroon,[6] 5% (1/21)[6] to 31% (4/13)[2] of Uldeme males from northern Cameroon, 10% (3/29) of Ewondo males from southern Cameroon,[6] 7% (1/15) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Chadic languages from northern Cameroon,[6] 6% (1/18) of a mixed sample of speakers of various Adamawa languages from northern Cameroon,[6] 6% (2/33) of Bakola males from southern Cameroon,[2] 4% (1/28) of Mandara males from northern Cameroon,[2] and 3% (1/31)[2] to 5% (1/20)[6] of Biaka males from Central African Republic.

In East Africa, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 11% (1/9) of a small sample of Iraqw males from Tanzania,[2] 11% (1/9) of a small sample of Luo males from Kenya,[2] 8% (2/26) of Massai males from Kenya,[2] and 4.5% (4/88) of a sample of Ethiopians.[7]

In Southern Africa, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 18% (5/28) of Sotho–Tswana males from South Africa,[2] 14% (4/29) of Zulu males from South Africa,[2] 13% (7/53) of an ethnically mixed sample of non-Khoisan Southern Africans,[7] 10% (5/49) of Shona males from Zimbabwe,[2] and 5% (4/80) of Xhosa males from South Africa.[2]

In North Africa, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 12.5% (5/40) of Sudanese[7] and 2% (2/92) of Egyptians.[2]

In Eurasia, haplogroup B2a1a Y-DNA has been found in 3% (3/117) of a sample of Iranians from southern Iran[13] and 2% (2/88) of a sample from Pakistan and India.[7]

[edit] B2a1b

Haplogroup B2a1b (G1) has been found in Uganda in Nilotic speaking populations.[14]

[edit] B2a2

Haplogroup B2a2* (M108.1) has been found in 3% (3/88) of a sample from Ethiopia.[7]

[edit] B2a2a

Haplogroup B2a2a (M43, P111) has been found in 7% (3/44) of a sample from Mali.[7]

[edit] B2b

Haplogroup B2b (M112, M192, 50f2(P)) has been found mainly among pygmy populations in Central Africa, Juu (Northern Khoisan) populations in Southern Africa, and the Hadzabe in East Africa. It also has been found occasionally in samples of groups who neighbor the aforementioned populations.

Specifically, haplogroup B2b has been observed in 67% (12/18) of a sample of Baka from Central African Republic,[2] 52% (12/23) or 51% (29/57) of a sample of Hadzabe from Tanzania,[3][4] 48% (15/31) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic,[2] 43% (20/47) of a sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[2] 31% (9/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San from Namibia,[2] 28% (11/39) of a sample of the Northern Khoisan-speaking Ju|’hoansi and Sekele peoples,[3][7] 25% (6/24) of a sample of Burunge from Tanzania,[4] 14% (13/94) of a sample of Tutsi from Rwanda,[9] 13% (9/68) of a sample of Sandawe from Tanzania,[4] 9% (3/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele from Namibia,[2] 5% (1/20) of a sample of Turu from Tanzania,[4] 5% (2/43) of a sample of Wairak from Tanzania,[9] 3% (1/29) of a sample of Zulu from South Africa,[2] 3% (1/33) of a sample of Bakola from southern Cameroon,[2] 3% (1/35) of a sample of Datog from Tanzania,[4] 3% (1/35) of a sample of Malagasy,[10] 1.4% (1/69) of a sample of Hutu from Rwanda,[9] 1.4% (1/72) of a sample from Qatar,[11] and 1.3% (2/157) of a sample from Saudi Arabia.[12]

[edit] B2b1

Haplogroup B2b1 (P6) has been found in Khoisan populations of Namibia, including 24% (7/29) of a sample of Tsumkwe San and 3% (1/32) of a sample of !Kung/Sekele.[2]

[edit] B2b2

Haplogroup B2b2 (M115, M169) has been found in 8% (1/12) of a sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[6]

[edit] B2b3

Haplogroup B2b3* (M30, M129) has been found in 22% (2/9) of a mixed sample of speakers of Central Sudanic and Saharan languages from northern Cameroon and in 5% (1/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.[6]

[edit] B2b3a

Haplogroup B2b3a (M108.2) has been found in 25% (1/4) of a very small sample of Lissongo from Central African Republic.[6]

[edit] B2b4

Haplogroup B2b4 (P7) has been observed most frequently in samples of some populations of pygmies from Central Africa: 67% (12/18) Baka from Central African Republic,[2] 45% (14/31) Biaka from Central African Republic,[2] 21% (10/47) Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo.[2] This haplogroup also has been found in an Iraqw (South Cushitic) individual from Tanzania (1/9 = 11%) and in some samples of Khoisan from Namibia (2/32 = 6% !Kung/Sekele, 2/29 = 7% Tsumkwe San).[2]

[edit] B2b4b

Haplogroup B2b4b (MSY2.1, M211) has been found in 20% (4/20) of a sample of Biaka from Central African Republic.[6]

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[15] and subsequent published research.

  • B
    • B- (M60, M181, P85, P90)
      • B1- (M236, M288)
        • B1a- (M146)
      • B2- (M182)
        • B2a- (M150)
          • B2a1- (M218)
            • B2a1a- (M109, M152, P32, P50)
            • B2a1b- (G1)
          • B2a2- (M108.1)
            • B2a2a- (P111, M43)
        • B2b- (M112, M192, 50f2(P))
          • B2b1- (P6)
          • B2b2- (M115, M169)
          • B2b3- (M30, M129)
            • B2b3a- (M108.2)
          • B2b4- (P7)
            • B2b4a- (P8, P70)
            • B2b4b- (MSY2.1, M211)
        • B2c- (P112)

[edit] See also

Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups
most recent common Y-ancestor
A
A1b A1a-T
A1a A2-T
A2 A3 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K(xLT)
L T M NO P S
O N Q R

Y-DNA by populations · Famous Y-DNA haplotypes

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Gemma Berniell-Lee, Francesc Calafell, Elena Bosch et al., "Genetic and demographic implications of the Bantu expansion: insights from human paternal lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution Advance Access published April 15, 2009
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Elizabeth T Wood, Daryn A Stover, Christopher Ehret et al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 867–876. (cf. Appendix A: Y Chromosome Haplotype Frequencies)
  3. ^ a b c d Alec Knight, Peter A. Underhill, Holly M. Mortensen et al., "African Y Chromosome and mtDNA Divergence Provides Insight into the History of Click Languages," Current Biology, Vol. 13, 464–473 (March 18, 2003).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sarah A. Tishkoff, Mary Katherine Gonder, Brenna M. Henn et al. (2007), "History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation," Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (10) : 2180–2195. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Hisham Y. Hassan, Peter A. Underhill, Luca L. Cavalli-Sforza, and Muntaser E. Ibrahim, "Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History," American Journal of Physical Anthropology (2008).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Fulvio Cruciani, Piero Santolamazza, Peidong Shen et al., "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes," American Journal of Human Genetics 70:1197–1214, 2002.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nat. Genet. 26 (3): 358–61. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. 
  8. ^ Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Daniele Sellitto et al., "Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages," European Journal of Human Genetics (2010), 1–8
  9. ^ a b c d J. R. Luis, D. J. Rowold, M. Regueiro et al., "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations," American Journal of Human Genetics 74:532–544, 2004.
  10. ^ a b Matthew E. Hurles, Bryan C. Sykes, Mark A. Jobling, and Peter Forster, "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics 76:894–901, 2005
  11. ^ a b Alicia M Cadenas, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Luca L Cavalli-Sforza et al., "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 374–386
  12. ^ a b Khaled K. Abu-Amero, Ali Hellani, Ana M. Gonzalez et al., "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions," BMC Genetics 2009, 10:59 doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59
  13. ^ M. Regueiro, A.M. Cadenas, T. Gayden, P.A. Underhill, and R.J. Herrera, "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration," Human Heredity 2006;61:132–143 DOI: 10.1159/000093774
  14. ^ Gomes, Verónica; Paula Sánchez-Diz, António Amorim, Ángel Carracedo and Leonor Gusmão (6 Mar 2010). "Digging deeper into East African human Y chromosome lineages". Human Genetics 127 (5): 603–613. doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0808-5. PMID 20213473. 
  15. ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274. http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1. 

[edit] External links

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