Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)

	Haplogroup D
Time of origin	60,000 years BP
Place of origin	Asia
Ancestor	DE
Descendants	D1, D2, D3
Defining mutations	M174, 021355

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In human genetics, Haplogroup D (M174) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Both D and E lineages also exhibit the single-nucleotide polymorphism M168 which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B, as well as the YAP unique-event polymorphism, which is unique to Haplogroup DE.

[edit] Origins

Haplogroup D is believed to have originated in Asia some 60,000 years before present.^[1]^[2] While haplogroup D along with haplogroup E contains the distinctive YAP polymorphism (which indicates their common ancestry), no haplogroup D chromosomes have been found anywhere outside of Asia.^[2]

[edit] Overview

Like haplogroup C, D is believed to represent the Great Coastal Migration along southern Asia, from Arabia to Southeast Asia and thence northward to populate East Asia. It is found today at high frequency among populations in Tibet, the Japanese archipelago, and the Andaman Islands, though curiously not in India. The Ainu of Japan and the Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands are notable for possessing almost exclusively Haplogroup D chromosomes, although Haplogroup C3 chromosomes also occur among the Ainu at a frequency of approximately 15%. Haplogroup D chromosomes are also found at low to moderate frequencies among populations of Central Asia and northern East Asia as well as the Han and Miao-Yao peoples of China and among several minority populations of Sichuan and Yunnan that speak Tibeto-Burman languages and reside in close proximity to the Tibetans.

Unlike haplogroup C, it did not travel from Asia to the New World.

Haplogroup D is also remarkable for its rather extreme geographic differentiation, with a distinct subset of Haplogroup D chromosomes being found exclusively in each of the populations that contains a large percentage of individuals whose Y-chromosomes belong to Haplogroup D: Haplogroup D1 among the Tibetans (as well as among the mainland East Asian populations that display very low frequencies of Haplogroup D Y-chromosomes), Haplogroup D2 among the various populations of the Japanese Archipelago, Haplogroup D3 among the inhabitants of Tibet, Tajikistan and other parts of mountainous southern Central Asia, and Haplogroup D* (probably another monophyletic branch of Haplogroup D) among the Andaman Islanders. Another type (or types) of Haplogroup D* is found at a very low frequency among the Turkic and Mongolic populations of Central Asia, amounting to no more than 1% in total. This apparently ancient diversification of Haplogroup D suggests that it may perhaps be better characterized as a "super-haplogroup" or "macro-haplogroup." In one study, the frequency of haplogroup D* found among Thais was 10%. Haplogroup D1 also reaches a combined frequency of 8% in Korea, which otherwise is found primarily in Tibet and other Sino-Tibetan groups in China.

The Haplogroup D Y-chromosomes that are found among populations of the Japanese Archipelago are particularly distinctive, bearing a complex of at least five individual mutations along an internal branch of the Haplogroup D phylogeny, thus distinguishing them clearly from the Haplogroup D chromosomes that are found among the Tibetans and Andaman Islanders and providing evidence that Y-chromosome Haplogroup D2 was the modal haplogroup in the ancestral population that developed the prehistoric Jōmon culture in the Japanese islands.

[edit] Subclades

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree^[2] and subsequent published research.

- D (M174, 021355)
  - D1 (M15)
    - D1a (N1)
      - D1a1 (N2)
  - D2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P37.1, P41.1, P190, 12f2b)
    - D2a (M116.1)
      - D2a1 (M125)
        
        D2a1a (P42)
        
        D2a1a1 (P12)
        
        D2a1b (022457)
        
        D2a1b1 (P53.2)
      - D2a2 (M151)
      - D2a3 (P120)
  - D3 (P99)

[edit] Distribution

[edit] D1 (M15)

Found at high frequencies among Qiang people, 30% with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] D (M174)

Found at high frequencies among Andaman Islanders.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] D1a (N1)

[edit] D2 (M55)

Found at high frequencies among the Ainu, Japanese, and Ryukyuans.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] D3a (P47)

Found at high frequencies among Tibetans, with a moderate distribution among some other populations of southern Central Asia.The highet frequency are amony Pumi people 70%.