Haplogroup D (mtDNA)
| Haplogroup D
|
|
| Possible time of origin | 40,000 - 60,000 YBP |
| Possible place of origin | East Asia |
| Ancestor | M |
| Descendants | D4, 16189 |
|---|---|
| Defining mutations | 4883 5178A 16362[1] |
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Contents |
[edit] Origin
Haplogroup D is believed to have arisen in Asia some 48,000 years before present.[2] It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M.
[edit] Distribution
It is found in Northeast Asia (including Siberia). Its subclade D1 (along with D2 and D4) is one of five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X.
Haplogroup D is also found quite frequently in Central Asia,[3] where it makes up the second most common mtDNA clade (after H). Haplogroup D also appears at a low frequency in eastern Europe and southwestern Asia.
[edit] Subclades
There are two principal branches:
- D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese, Koreans, Mongols, and Tungusic-speaking populations of northern China.[4][5][6] Spread also all over Southeast Asia, Siberia, Central Asia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas.
- D5'6 (16189): Mainly in East Asia and Southeast Asia.[7] Lower in Siberia, Central Asia, and East India.
[edit] Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[1] and subsequent published research.
- D
- D4
- D1
- D1a
- D1b
- D1c
- D1d
- D4a
- D4a1
- D4a1a
- D4a1b
- D4a1c
- D4a2
- D4a2a
- D4a3
- D4a3a
- D4a4
- D4a1
- D4b
- D4b1
- D3
- D4b1a
- D4b1a1
- D4b1a2
- D4b1a2a
- D4b1a2a1
- D4b1a2a1a
- D4b1a2a1
- D4b1a2a
- D4b1b
- D4b1b1
- D4b1b1a
- D4b1b2
- D4b2
- D4b2a
- D4b2a1
- D4b2a2
- D4b2a2a
- D4b2a2b
- D4b2b
- D4b2b1
- D4b2b1a
- D4b2b1b
- D4b2b2
- D4b2b3
- D4b2b1
- D4b2a
- D4b1
- D4c
- D4c1
- D4c1a
- D4c1a1
- D4c1b
- D4c1b1
- D4c1a
- D4c2
- D4c1
- D4d
- D4e
- D4e1
- D2
- D2a
- D2a1
- D2a1a
- D2a1b
- D2a1
- D2b
- D2a
- D4e1a
- D4e1a1
- D4e1a2
- D2
- D4e1
- D4e2
-
- D4e2a
- D4e2b
- D4e2c
-
- D4f
- D4g
- D4g1
- D4g1a
- D4g1b
- D4g1c
- D4g2
- D4g2a
- D4g2a1
- D4g2a
- D4g1
- D4h
- D4h1
- D4h1a
- D4h3
- D4h1
- D4i
- D4i1
- D4i2
- D4j
- D4k
- D4l
- D4l1
- D4l2
- D4l2a
- D4m
- D4m1
- D4m2
- D4n
- D4n1
- D4o
- D4o1
- D4o2
- D1
- D5'6
- D5
- D5a'b
- D5a
- D5a1
- D5a1a
- D5a2
- D5a2a
- D5a2a1
- D5a2a1a
- D5a2a1b
- D5a2a1
- D5a2a
- D5a1
- D5b
- D5b1
- D5b1a
- D5b1b
- D5b1b1
- D5b2
- D5b1
- D5a
- D5c
- D5d
- D5d1
- D5a'b
- D6
- D5
- D4
[edit] Popular culture
In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Djigonasee.
[edit] See also
- Genealogical DNA test
- Genetic Genealogy
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Population Genetics
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
- Indigenous Amerindian genetics
|
Evolutionary tree of Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mitochondrial Eve (L) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L0 | L1-6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[edit] References
- ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
- ^ Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material. 2009. pp. page89. http://download.cell.com/AJHG/mmcs/journals/0002-9297/PIIS0002929709001633.mmc1.pdf.
- ^ D. Comas et al., Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2004
- ^ East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis
- ^ Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Mu Liu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms of five ethnic populations from northern China," Hum Genet (2003) 113 : 391–405. DOI 10.1007/s00439-003-1004-7
- ^ Zheng H-X, Yan S, Qin Z-D, Wang Y, Tan J-Z, et al. 2011 Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes. PLoS ONE 6(10): e25835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835
- ^ Tanaka M et al. 2004, Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan Genome Res. 2004. 14: 1832-1850
[edit] External links
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Haplogroup D
- Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree D
- Spread of Haplogroup D, from National Geographic
  |
This bioinformatics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 |
This genetics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
