Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup H
Time of origin 20,000-45,000 years BP
Place of origin South Asia or Southwest Asia
Ancestor F
Defining mutations M69
Highest frequencies Roma people & population of the Indian Subcontinent

In human genetics, Haplogroup H (M69) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in Indian Subcontinent. It is generally rare outside of the Indian subcontinent but is common among the Roma people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup.

Contents

[edit] Origins

It is a branch of Haplogroup F, and is believed to have arisen in India between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. Its probable site of introduction is India since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-haplogroup of the indigenous paleolithic inhabitants of India, because it is the most frequent Y-haplogroup of tribal populations (25-35%). On the other hand, its presence in upper castes is quite rare (ca. 10%) (Cordaux et al. 2004, Sengupta et al. 2006, Thanseem et al. 2006).

[edit] Distribution

[edit] Asia & Europe

Haplogroup H has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent & the Roma populations, including approximately 6% (1 out of 17 individuals) H1-M52 in a sample of Kurds from Turkmenistan,[1] 4% (2/53) H1-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand,[1] 2% (1/56) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara,[1] 3% (2/70) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm,[1] 2% (1/63) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley,[1] 4% (2/45) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand,[1] 12.5% (2/16) H1-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe,[1] 2% (1/41) H1-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan,[1] 2% (1/50) H-M69 in a sample of Ukrainians,[2] 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians,[2] and 0.9% (1/113) H1a-M82 in a sample of Serbians.[3] The subclade H1a-M82 has also been found in 2.56% (3/117) of a sample of the population of southern Iran (Regueiro et al. 2006). Some instances of haplogroup H have also been found among populations of the east coast of the Arabian Peninsula, including 2.4% (4/164) haplogroup H*(xH1-M52) and 1.8% (3/164) haplogroup H1a-M82 in the United Arab Emirates,[4] 1.4% (1/72) H1a-M82 in Qatar,[4] and approximately 2% H-M69 in Oman.[5] Haplogroup H-M69(xH1-M52) has been found in approximately 2% of Tibetans.[6] The rare subclade H2-Apt has been found in 1/77 = 1.3% of a sample of Greeks.[7]

[edit] Indian Subcontinent

Haplogroup H is frequently found among populations of India (approximately 27%[8]), Sri Lanka (approx. 25%[8]), Nepal (approx. 12% in Kathmandu and 6% in Newars[6]), and Pakistan (haplogroup H1-M52 in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, 2.5% other Pakistani)[7].

[edit] Roma People

Haplogroup H1a-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Macedonian Romani population, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.[3] A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania (Gresham et al. 2001). Its ancestral M52 A C transversion was reported in the Vlax Roma (Kalaydjieva et al. 2001) and India (Ramana et al. 2001; Wells et al. 2001; Kivisild et al. 2003). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H1 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).

[edit] Subclades

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[9] and subsequent published research.

  • H
    • H-M69 (M69)
      • H-M52 (M52)
        • H-M82 (M82)
          • H-M36 (M36, M197)
          • H-M97 (M97)
          • H-M39 (M39, M138)
        • H-M370 (M370)
      • H-Apt (Apt)
        • H-P80 (P80)
        • H-P266 (P266)

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h R. Spencer Wells, Nadira Yuldasheva, Ruslan Ruzibakiev, Peter A. Underhill, Irina Evseeva, Jason Blue-Smith, Li Jin, Bing Su, Ramasamy Pitchappan, Sadagopal Shanmugalakshmi, Karuppiah Balakrishnan, Mark Read, Nathaniel M. Pearson, Tatiana Zerjal, Matthew T. Webster, Irakli Zholoshvili, Elena Jamarjashvili, Spartak Gambarov, Behrouz Nikbin, Ashur Dostiev, Ogonazar Aknazarov, Pierre Zalloua, Igor Tsoy, Mikhail Kitaev, Mirsaid Mirrakhimov, Ashir Chariev, and Walter F. Bodmer: "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America v.98(18); Aug 28, 2001.
  2. ^ a b Ornella Semino, Giuseppe Passarino, Peter J. Oefner, Alice A. Lin, Svetlana Arbuzova, Lars E. Beckman, Giovanna De Benedictis, Paolo Francalacci, Anastasia Kouvatsi, Svetlana Limborska, Mladen Marcikiæ, Anna Mika, Barbara Mika, Dragan Primorac, A. Silvana Santachiara-Benerecetti, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Peter A. Underhill, "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective," Science, Vol 290, 10 November 2000.
  3. ^ a b Marijana Pericˇic´ et al., "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations," Molecular Biology and Evolution 22(10):1964–1975. 2005. Haplogroup H1a-M82 in 34/57 = 59.6% of a sample of Macedonian Romani.
  4. ^ a b Alicia M Cadenas et al., "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 374–386.
  5. ^ J. R. Luis, D. J. Rowold, M. Regueiro, B. Caeiro, C. Cinnioğlu, C. Roseman, P. A. Underhill, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, and R. J. Herrera, "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations," American Journal of Human Genetics 74:532–544, 2004.
  6. ^ a b Tenzin Gayden et al., "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow," American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 80, Issue 5, 884-894, 1 May 2007.
  7. ^ a b Sadaf Firasat et al. (2007)
  8. ^ a b Hammer et al., "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," © The Japan Society of Human Genetics, Springer-Verlag (2005)
  9. ^ Karafet et al. (2008), Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree, Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008
  • Alicia M. Cadenas, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Luca L. Cavalli-Sforza, Peter A. Underhill, and Rene J. Herrera: "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," European Journal of Human Genetics, 2007.
  • R. Cordaux et al.: "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages." Current Biology, 2004, Vol. 14, p. 231–235
  • M. Regueiro et al.: "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration," Human Heredity, 2006, vol. 61, pp. 132–43.
  • S. Sengupta et al.: "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists." American Journal of Human Genetics, 2006, p. 202-221
  • I. Thamseem et al.: "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA." BMC Genetics, 2006, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/7/42
  • Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill and Qasim Ayub: "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan." European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) Vol. 15, p. 121–126. http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n1/full/5201726a.html

[edit] See also

Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes)
most recent common Y-ancestor
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A BT
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B CT
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CF DE
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C F D E
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G H IJK
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IJ K
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I J L M NOP S T
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NO P
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N O Q R

[edit] External links

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