| Haplogroup K-M9 |
| Possible time of origin |
47,000 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin |
South or West Asia |
| Ancestor |
IJK |
| Descendants |
K(xLT), and LT |
| Defining mutations |
M9, P128, P131, P132 |
In human genetics, Haplogroup K-M9 (M9) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup IJK. Its major descendant haplogroups are Haplogroup LT (L298 = P326) and Haplogroup K(xLT) (M526).[2] Paragroup K (haplogroups K*, K1, K2, K3 and K4) are found in Oceania, and Australia and only at low frequency in South Asia and the Malay Archipelago.
Origins [edit]
Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage established approximately 40,000-50,000 years ago whose origins were probably in Southwestern Asia or South Asia. At present this group contains two distinct classes of subgroups: (1) major groups L to T (refer to the main tree at Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree) and (2) minor groups K-M9* and K1 to K4, which do not have any of the SNPs defining the major groups. These groups are found at low frequencies in various parts of Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.[3]
Subgroups [edit]
The basic structure of descent from the common male-line ancestor is as follows:
A more detailed summary of the subclades of Haplogroup K with their defining mutation, according to Karafet et al. (2008)[1] (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of three steps away from the root of Haplogroup K). Is given next. Note The 2008 paper made a number of changes compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. The former subgroups K2 and K5 were renamed Haplogroups T and S; the old subgroups K1 and K7 were re-assigned as new subgroups M2 and M3 of a redefined Haplogroup M; and the former subgroups K3, K4 and K6 were renamed to new K1, K2 and K3.
- K-M9 (M9) Typical of populations of all Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout northern Africa Important in Indigenous Australians from Arnhem Land=30%, Great Sandy Desert=17%[4] and other parts of Australia=42%.[5] High frequency in Micronesians from Kapingamarangi=67% and Majuro=64%.[6] In Melanesia 21%,[7] specially in Vanuatu=58%. In Filipinos(some ethnic tribes)=45%.[8] In Northeast India=8.3%.[9] In Europe found in Macedonians=1.3% ; Serbians=7.1 , Croatians=0.9 and Herzegovinians=2.8[10]
- LT
- L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295)
- T (M70, M184, M193, M272) Found mostly in the Fulani of the African Sahel region, also in a significant minority of people around the Zagros Mountains, Somalis, South and West Sicilia, Napolitania, Ethiopians, Southern Egyptians, and Omanis; also found at low frequency throughout the Mediterranean, Central Europe and parts of India
- K(xLT)
References [edit]
- ^ a b Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- ^ Chiaroni J, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL (December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (48): 20174–9. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620174C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. JSTOR 25593348. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
- ^ ISOGG website[full citation needed]
- ^ Kayser M, Brauer S, Cordaux R, et al. (November 2006). "Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (11): 2234–44. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093. PMID 16923821.
- ^ Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
- ^ Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P (May 2005). "The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
- ^ 2010 ISOGG tree[full citation needed]
- ^ Karafet TM, Lansing JS, Redd AJ, et al. (February 2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Hum. Biol. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819.
- ^ Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali. "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations". In Bhasin, Veena; Bhasin, M. K. Anthropology Today: Trends, Scope and Applications. Anthropologist. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises. pp. 393–414. ISBN 978-81-85264-45-5.
- ^ Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
- ^ Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nat. Genet. 26 (3): 358–61. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480.
- ^ Kayser M, Choi Y, van Oven M, et al. (July 2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
- ^ Scheinfeldt L, Friedlaender F, Friedlaender J, et al. (August 2006). "Unexpected NRY chromosome variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
- ^ Karafet TM, Hallmark B, Cox MP, et al. (August 2010). "Major east-west division underlies Y chromosome stratification across Indonesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (8): 1833–44. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712.
External links [edit]
