Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)
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| Haplogroup K | |
| Possible time of origin | 47,000 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | South or West Asia |
| Ancestor | IJK |
| Descendants | K*, K(xLT), and LT |
|---|---|
| Defining mutations | M9, P128, P131, P132 |
In human genetics, Haplogroup K (M9) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup IJK. Its major descendant haplogroups are Haplogroup LT (L298 = P326) and Haplogroup K(xLT) (M525).[2] Paragroup K (haplogroups K*, K1, K2, K3 and K4) are found in Oceania, and Australia and only at low frequency in South Asia and the Malay Archipelago.
Contents |
[edit] Origins
Y-DNA haplogroup K is an old lineage established approximately 40,000-50,000 years ago whose origins were probably in Southwestern Asia or South Asia. At present this group contains two distinct classes of subgroups: (1) major groups L to T (refer to the main tree at Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree) and (2) minor groups K* and K1 to K4, which do not have any of the SNPs defining the major groups. These groups are found at low frequencies in various parts of Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.[3]
[edit] Subgroups
The basic structure of descent from the common male-line ancestor is as follows:
| Macro-haplogroup K |
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A more detailed summary of the subclades of Haplogroup K with their defining mutation, according to Karafet et al. (2008)[1] (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of five steps away from the root of Haplogroup K). Is given next. Note The 2008 paper made a number of changes compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. The former subgroups K2 and K5 were renamed Haplogroups T and S; the old subgroups K1 and K7 were re-assigned as new subgroups M2 and M3 of a redefined Haplogroup M; and the former subgroups K3, K4 and K6 were renamed to new K1, K2 and K3.
- K (M9) Typical of populations of all Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout northern Africa
- K* Important in Indigenous Australians from Arnhem Land=30%, Great Sandy Desert=17%[4] and other parts of Australia=42%.[5] High frequency in Micronesians from Kapingamarangi=67% and Majuro=64%.[6] In Melanesia 21%,[7] specially in Vanuatu=58%. In Filipinos=45%.[8] In Northeast India=8.3%.[9] In Europe found in Macedonians=1.3% ; Serbians=7.1 , Croatians=0.9 and Herzegovinians=2.8[10]
- LT
- L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295)
- L*
- L1 (M27, M76) Found frequently in Indians and Sri Lankans, with a moderate distribution in Pakistan, southern Iran, and Arabia
- L2 (M317) Found with low frequency in Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe
- L3 (M357) Found frequently among Burusho, Pashtuns, and Kalash, with a moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population
- T (M70, M184, M193, M272) Found in a significant minority of people around the Zagros Mountains, Somalis, South and West Sicilia, Napolitania, Ethiopians, Fulbe, Southern Egyptians, and Omanis; also found at low frequency throughout the Mediterranean, Central Europe and parts of India
- T*
- T1 (M320)
- T2 (L162)
- T3 (L131)
- L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295)
- K(xLT)
- K1 (M147) Found with low frequency in South Asia[11]
- K2 (P60)
- K3 (P79) Found in Melanesia and Polynesia[12][13]
- K4 (P261, P263) Found in Balinese[14]
- M (P256)
- M1 (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35)
- M1*
- M1a (P34) Found with high frequency in Western New Guinea, with a moderate distribution throughout eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea[12][15]
- M1b (P87)
- M1b1 (M104 (P22)) Found with high frequency in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island[16]
- M2 (M353, M387) Found with low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna[12]
- M2a (SRY9138 (M177)) Found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands[17]
- M3 (P117) Found frequently in populations of New Britain, and also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna[12][13]
- M1 (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35)
- NO (M214)
- NO*
- N (M231)
- N*
- N1 (LLY22g)
- N1a (M128) Found at a low frequency among Manchu, Sibe, Manchurian Evenks, Koreans, northern Han Chinese, Buyei, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia
- N1b (P43) Typical of Northern Samoyedic peoples; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupiks
- N1c (Tat (M46), P105) Typical of the Sakha and Uralic peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout North Eurasia
- O (M175)
- O*
- O1 (MSY2.2) Typical of Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Tai–Kadai peoples
- O2 (P31, M268)
- O2*
- O2a (M95) Typical of Austro-Asiatic peoples, Tai–Kadai peoples, Malays, Indonesians, and Malagasy, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia
- O2b (M176/SRY465, P49, 022454)
- O2b* Found with high frequency among Koreans, with a moderate distribution among populations of Indonesia, Japan, Manchuria, Micronesia, Thailand, and Vietnam
- O2b1 (47z) Found with high frequency among Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Koreans, Manchus, Thais, and Vietnamese
- O3 (M122) Typical of populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia
- O3a (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
- O3a3 (P201/021354)
- O3a3a (M159)
- O3a3b (M7) Typical of Hmong–Mien peoples, with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese, Buyei, Qiang, and Oroqen[18]
- O3a3c (M134) Typical of Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia
- O3a3 (P201/021354)
- O3a (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
- P (92R7, M45, M74, (N12), P27)
- P*
- Q (M242)
- Q*
- Q1 (P36.2)
- Q1a (MEH2)
- Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) Found with low frequency among Han Chinese,[19][20] Dungans,[21] Hazaras,[22] Japanese,[23] Koreans,[21] and Tibetans[20][24]
- Q1a2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia
- Q1a3 (L56, L57, M346)
- Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan and India
- Q1a3a (L53, L54, L55)
- Q1a3a1 (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Q1a3b (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews
- Q1a3a (L53, L54, L55)
- Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan and India
- Q1b (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis
- Q1a (MEH2)
- R (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)
- R*
- R1 (M173)
- R1*
- R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))
- R1a*
- R1a1 (M17, M198) Typical of populations of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia, with a moderate distribution throughout Western Europe, Southwest Asia, and southern Siberia
- R1b (M343) Typical of populations of Western Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eurasia and in parts of Africa
- R1b*
- R1b1 (P25)
- R2 (M124) Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus
- S (M230)
- S*
- S1 (M254) Found with high frequency in populations of the highlands of Papua New Guinea; also found with generally lower frequency in adjacent parts of Indonesia and Melanesia[12][15]
- S1d (M226) Found with low frequency in the Admiralty Islands and along the Papua New Guinea coast[12][14]
[edit] References
- ^ a b Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274. http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1.
- ^ http://www.pnas.org/content/106/48/20174.abstract
- ^ ISOGG website
- ^ Kayser M et al. 2006, Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23(11):2234–2244. (2006) doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093
- ^ Hammer M et al. 2006 Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes.
- ^ Matthew E. Hurles et al 2005, The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages
- ^ 2010 ISOGG tree
- ^ Karafet TM et al 2005, Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders
- ^ Trivedi, R. et al 2007, High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations
- ^ Pericic 2005 High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations
- ^ Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000
- ^ a b c d e f Manfred Kayser, Ying Choi, Mannis van Oven et al., "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y-chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)
- ^ a b Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006) 23(8):1628-1641
- ^ a b Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox et al., "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification Across Indonesia," MBE Advance Access published March 5, 2010
- ^ a b Stefano Mona, Mila Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Silke Brauer et al., "Patterns of Y-Chromosome Diversity Intersect with the Trans–New Guinea Hypothesis," Molecular Biology and Evolution 24(11):2546–2555. (2007) doi:10.1093/molbev/msm187
- ^ Scheinfeldt L, Friedlaender F, Friedlaender J, et al. (August 2006). "Unexpected NRY chromosome variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16754639.
- ^ Murray P. Cox and Marta Mirazón Lahr, "Y-Chromosome Diversity Is Inversely Associated With Language Affiliation in Paired Austronesian- and Papuan-Speaking Communities from Solomon Islands," American Journal of Human Biology 18:35–50 (2006)
- ^ Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, et al. (April 2006). "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times". Genetics 172 (4): 2431–9. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. PMC 1456369. PMID 16489223. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1456369.
- ^ Wen B, Li H, Lu D, et al (September 2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature 431 (7006): 302–5. doi:10.1038/nature02878. PMID 15372031. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v431/n7006/abs/nature02878.html. "Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations"
- ^ a b Bing Su, Chunjie Xiao, Ranjan Deka et al., "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas," Human Genetics (2000) 107 : 582–590 DOI 10.1007/s004390000406
- ^ a b Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, et al (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (18): 10244–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56946. "Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region"
- ^ Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, S.Q. Mehdi, Christopher A. Edmonds, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Alice A. Lin, Mitashree Mitra, Samir K. Sil, A. Ramesh, M.V. Usha Rani, Chitra M. Thakur, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, and Peter A. Underhill, "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists," The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 78, Issue 2, 202-221, 1 February 2006.
- ^ I. Nonaka, K. Minaguchi, and N. Takezaki, "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms," Annals of Human Genetics Volume 71 Issue 4, Pages 480 - 495 (July 2007).
- ^ Gayden T, Cadenas AM, Regueiro M, et al (May 2007). "The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741. PMID 17436243. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1852741.
[edit] External links
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Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups |
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| most recent common Y-ancestor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1b | A1a-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1a | A2-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | BT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | H | IJK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | LT | K(xLT) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | M | NO | P | S | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| O | N | Q | R | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
