Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup L3
Time of origin 84,000 to 104,000 YBP [1]
Place of origin East Africa[2]
Ancestor L3'4
Descendants L3a, L3b'c'd'j, L3e'i'k'x, L3f, L3h, M, N
Defining mutations 769, 1018, 16311[3]

In human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Contents

[edit] Origin

L3 is believed to have arisen between 84,000 to 104,000 years ago.[1]

[edit] Distribution

It is most common in East Africa, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups L1 and L2 represent two thirds of mtDNAs.[4]

L3 is sub-divided into several clades, one of which is believed to have spawned the macro-haplogroups M and N from which the vast majority of non-Africans are descended.

One of these lineages, defined by loss of the DdeI site at np 10394, represents only a few percent of the African mtDNAs but appears to be the progenitor of roughly half of all European, Asian and Native American mtDNAs."[5]

According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasian haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1 and L2".[6] L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.[7]

[edit] Subgroups distribution

Subhaplogroup L3b - West Africa

Subhaplogroup L3d - West Africa

Subhaplogroup L3e5 - Moroccan Arabs, South Moroccan, Berbers, and Algerians[8]

Subhaplogroup L3f3 - Chad Basin, Central Africa[9]

Subhaplogroup L3x - Ethiopian Oromos[10]

[edit] Subclades

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.


  • L3'4
    • L3
      • L3a
      • L3b'c'd'j
        • L3b
          • L3b1
            • L3b1a
              • L3b1a1
              • L3b1a2
            • L3b1b
              • L3b1b1
          • L3b2
        • L3c
        • L3d
          • L3d1-5
            • L3d1
              • L3d1a
                • L3d1a1
                  • L3d1a1a
              • L3d1b
                • L3d1b1
              • L3d1c
              • L3d1d
            • L3d2
            • L3d3
              • L3d3a
            • L3d4
            • L3d5
        • L3j
      • L3e'i'k'x
        • L3e
          • L3e1
            • L3e1a
              • L3e1a1
                • L3e1a1a
              • L3e1a2
              • L3e1a3
            • L3e1b
            • L3e1c
            • L3e1d
            • L3e1e
          • L3e2
            • L3e2a
            • L3e2b
              • L3e2b1
              • L3e2b2
          • L3e3'4'5
            • L3e3'4
              • L3e3
                • L3e3a
                • L3e3b
              • L3e4
            • L3e5
        • L3i
          • L3i1
            • L3i1a
            • L3i1b
          • L3i2
        • L3k
        • L3x
          • L3x1
          • L3x2
            • L3x2a
              • L3x2a1
                • L3x2a1a
            • L3x2b
      • L3f
        • L3f1
          • L3f1a
          • L3f1b
            • L3f1b1
            • L3f1b2
            • L3f1b3
            • L3f1b4
              • L3f1b4a
                • L3f1b4a1
        • L3f2
          • L3f2b
        • L3f3
      • L3h
        • L3h1
          • L3h1a
            • L3h1a1
            • L3h1a2
              • L3h1a2a
              • L3h1a2b
          • L3h1b
            • L3h1b1
              • L3h1b1a
        • L3h2
      • M
      • N

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Tishkoff et al., Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages, Mol. Biol. Evol, 24(3):757-68. 2007
  2. ^ Salas et al. (2002), The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape, Am J Hum Genet. 2002 November; 71(5): 1082–1111
  3. ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386-E394. PMID 18853457 doi:10.1002/humu.20921. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved on 2009-05-20. 
  4. ^ Wallace DC et al. (2000), Origin of haplogroup M in Ethiopia, Am J Hum Genet 67(Suppl):217
  5. ^ Wallace et al., Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease, Gene, 1999 Sep 30;238(1):211-30
  6. ^ Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions, BMC Genetics 2001, 2:13
  7. ^ https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php?view=step3
  8. ^ K. Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004 June. "Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers" Annals of Human Genetics 68:3, 230
  9. ^ Černý et al., (2009). Migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists within Africa based on population structure of Chad Basin and phylogeography of mitochondrial L3f haplogroup. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9:63, 2.
  10. ^ Kivisild et al. 2004 November. "Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears" American Journal of Human Genetics 75(5): 759

[edit] See also

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
  most recent common mt-ancestor    
L0 L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6 L7
  M N  
CZ D E G Q   A S   R   I W X Y
C Z B F HV   JT P  U
H V J T K Former Clusters IWX

[edit] External links


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