Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)
| Haplogroup NO | |
| Possible time of origin | 34.600±4.700 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | South Eastern Asia (South China)[1] |
| Ancestor | MNOPS |
| Descendants | N, O and NO* |
|---|---|
| Defining mutations | M214, P188, P192, P193, P194, P195. |
In human genetics, Haplogroup NO (M214) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup MNOPS (also known as K(xLT)) and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup M, Haplogroup P, and Haplogroup S.
Contents |
[edit] Origins
The M214 mutation that defines Haplogroup NO occurred in a gamete of a man who belonged to Haplogroup MNOPS and who probably lived somewhere in Eurasia east of the Aral Sea about 30,000 to 40,000 years ago. This man has become the direct patrilineal ancestor of a very large percentage of present-day humans, as he is the forefather of both Haplogroup N and Haplogroup O, which together are overwhelmingly dominant in most populations of North and East Eurasia.
[edit] Distribution
No confirmed case of Haplogroup NO* has been found among the males of present-day human populations. However, NO-M214(xN1-LLY22g, O-M175), which potentially may belong either to Haplogroup NO* or to Haplogroup N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g), has been found in 5.7% (2/35) of a sample of Buyi[2] and in 2.9% (6/210) of a pool of four samples of Japanese, particularly in Tokushima (4/70 = 5.7%).[3] Haplogroup NO-M214(xN1-LLY22g, O-M175) Y-DNA also has been found sporadically in samples of Han Chinese[3], Yizu[3], Malays[3], Mongolians[3], Daurs[2], Manchurian Evenks[2], Hezhes[2], Huis[2], Yaos[2], and South Koreans[2]; however, the two published Han Chinese cases of NO-M214(xN1-LLY22g, O-M175) subsequently have been found to belong to N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g).[4]
[edit] Subclades
[edit] Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[5] and subsequent published research.
- NO (M214, P188, P192, P193, P194, P195)
- NO*
- N (M231) Main N Article
- O (M175, P186, P191, P196) Main O Article
[edit] References
- ^ a b Rootsi, Siiri et al. 2007, A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe, European Journal of Human Genetics vol. 15 (2007), pp. 204–211.
- ^ a b c d e f g Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, Suling Zhu, Qunfang Shu, Jiujin Xu, Ruofu Du, Songbin Fu, Pu Li, Matthew Hurles, Huanming Yang and Chris Tyler-Smith, "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times," Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006).
- ^ a b c d e Hammer et al. (2005) "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," © The Japan Society of Human Genetics, Springer-Verlag 2005
- ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox et al., "Major East-West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification Across Indonesia," MBE Advance Access published March 5, 2010
- ^ Karafet et al. (2008), Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree, Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008
[edit] See also
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Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups |
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| most recent common Y-ancestor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1b | A1a-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1a | A2-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | BT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | H | IJK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | LT | K(xLT) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | M | NO | P | S | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| O | N | Q | R | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
