Haplogroup N (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup N
Time of origin unknown, approx. 65,000 years ago
Place of origin West Asia[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Ancestor L3
Descendants N1'5, N2, N9, N12, N13, N14, N21, N22, A, I, W, R, X, Y
Defining mutations 73, 7028, 11719, 12705, 14766, 16223[7]

In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup N, like its sibling M, is a descendant of haplogroup L3.

All mtDNA haplogroups found outside of Africa are descendants of either haplogroup N or its sibling haplogroup M. M and N are the signature haplogroups that define the out of Africa migration and the subsequent colonization of the rest of the world. The global distribution of haplogroups N and M, indicates that very likely, there was one particularly major prehistoric migration of humans out of Africa, and both N and M were part of the same colonization process.[8]

Contents

[edit] Distribution

Haplogroup N is derived from the ancestral L3 haplotype that represents the 'Out of Africa' migration. Haplogroup N is the ancestral haplogroup to almost all European and Oceanian haplogroups in addition to many Asian and Amerindian ones. It is believed to have arisen in West Asia at a similar time to haplogroup M. It is also present in the Horn of Africa at a low frequency, carried by a back migration into Africa dating ~30,000 years ago, along with Asian haplotype M1 and other Eurasian associated haplogroups.[2][5]

[edit] Subclades

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup N subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[7] and subsequent published research.

  • N
    • N1'5
      • N1
        • N1a'c'd'e'I
          • N1a'd'e'I
            • N1a'e'I
              • N1a
                • N1a1
                  • N1a1a
              • N1e'I
                • I
                • N1e
            • N1d
          • N1c
        • N1b
          • N1b1
            • N1b1a
            • N1b1b
            • N1b1c
              • N1b1d
          • N1b2
      • N5
    • N2
      • N2a
      • W
    • N9
      • N9a
        • N9a1'3
          • N9a1
          • N9a3
        • N9a2'4'5
          • N9a2
            • N9a2a'b
              • N9a2a
              • N9a2b
            • N9a2c
            • N9a2d
          • N9a4
          • N9a5
        • N9a6
          • N9a6a
      • N9b
        • N9b1
          • N9b1a
          • N9b1b
          • N9b1c
            • N9b1c1
        • N9b2
        • N9b3
      • Y
    • N12
      • N12a
    • N13
    • N14
    • N21
    • N22
    • A
    • S
    • X
    • R

[edit] References

  1. ^ Macaulay et al (2005). Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes. doi:10.1126/science.1109792. http://66.102.1.104/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:nfrkio5UPzMJ:www4.ncsu.edu/~womcmill/GenomeScience_Papers/Macaulayetal(2005)Science.pdf. : "Haplogroup L3 (the African clade that gave rise to the two basal non-African clades, haplogroups M and N) is 84,000 years old, and haplogroups M and N themselves are almost identical in age at 63,000 years old, with haplogroup R diverging rapidly within haplogroup N 60,000 years ago."
  2. ^ a b Richards et al. (2006), A Model for the Dispersal of Modern Humans out of Africa, Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology, 10.1007/3-540-31789-9: "subclades. L3b d, L3e and L3f, for instance, are clearly of African origin, whereas haplogroup N is of apparently Eurasian origin"
  3. ^ Gonder et al (2006). Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/3/757. : "the presence of haplogroups N1 and J in Tanzania suggest "back" migration from the Middle East or Eurasia into eastern Africa, which has been inferred from previous studies of other populations in eastern Africa"
  4. ^ Olivieri et al. (2006), The mtDNA legacy of the Levantine early Upper Palaeolithic in Africa, Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1767-70: "The scenario of a back-migration into Africa is supported by another feature of the mtDNA phylogeny. Haplogroup M’s Eurasian sister clade, haplogroup N, which has a very similar age to M and no indication of an African origin"
  5. ^ a b Chandrasekar et al. (2007), YAP insertion signature in South Asia, Ann Hum Biol. 2007 Sep-Oct;34(5):582-6.
  6. ^ Abu-Amero et al. (2008), Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula, BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008
  7. ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386-E394. PMID 18853457 doi:10.1002/humu.20921. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121449735/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved on 2009-05-20. 
  8. ^ Macaulay et al (2005). Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes. doi:10.1126/science.1109792. http://66.102.1.104/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:nfrkio5UPzMJ:www4.ncsu.edu/~womcmill/GenomeScience_Papers/Macaulayetal(2005)Science.pdf. 

[edit] See also

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
  most recent common mt-ancestor    
L0 L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6 L7
  M N  
CZ D E G Q   A S   R   I W X Y
C Z B F HV   JT P  U
H V J T K Former Clusters IWX

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)"
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