Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)
| Haplogroup O
|
|
| Possible time of origin | 28,000-41,000 years BP[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Southeast or East Asia |
| Ancestor | NO |
| Descendants | O*, O1, O2, O3 |
|---|---|
| Defining mutations | M175, P186, P191, P196 |
.PNG)
In human genetics, Haplogroup O (M175) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N, and is one of several descendants of Haplogroup K (the intermediates being Haplogroup MNOPS and Haplogroup NO).
Contents |
[edit] Origins
Haplogroup O is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO (M214), and first appeared according to different theories, either in Southeast Asia,[2][3][4][5] or East Asia.[6] approximately 35,000 years ago. Haplogroup O shares a node in the phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosomes with Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.
[edit] Distribution
This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of most of populations in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, and Africa and is completely absent from the Americas, although certain subclades of Haplogroup O do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of South Asia, Central Asia, and Oceania.
Among the subbranches of Haplogroup O are Haplogroup O1, Haplogroup O2, and Haplogroup O3.
[edit] Paragroup O*
Haplogroup O* lineages, which belong to Haplogroup O but do not display any of the later mutations that define the major subclades O1, O2, and O3, can still be detected at a low frequency among some modern populations of Central Asia and East Asia.
A broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175(xO1a-M119,O2a-M95,O3-M122) in 31.1% (14/45) of Koreans, 12.5% (2/16) of Tajiks in Dushanbe, 4.9% (2/41) of Uyghurs in Kazakhstan, 4.5% (1/22) of Crimean Tatars in Uzbekistan, 2.5% (1/40) of a sample of Tajiks in Samarkand, 1.9% (1/54) of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, 1.5% (1/68) of Uzbeks in Surkhandarya, and 1.4% (1/70) of Uzbeks in Khorezm.[7] However, nearly all of these Korean O-M175(xO1a,O2a,O3) Y-chromosomes probably belong to Haplogroup O2b, which has been found in approximately 30% of many samples of Koreans. There is also a possibility that these O-M175(xO1a,O2a,O3) (sometimes incorrectly called "O*") Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might belong to Haplogroup O1*(xO1a-M119), Haplogroup O2*(xO2a-M95,O2b-M176), or Haplogroup O2b-M176.
[edit] Haplogroup O1-MSY2.2
- Haplogroup O1a-M119: Found frequently in Austronesians, with a moderate distribution in southern Chinese ethnic groups and Tai–Kadai peoples.
[edit] Haplogroup O2-M268
- Haplogroup O2a-M95: Found frequently among Austro-Asiatic peoples, Tai–Kadai peoples, Malays, Indonesians, and Malagasy, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia.
- Haplogroup O2a1-M88: Found frequently among Hani, She people, Tai peoples, Cambodians, and Vietnamese, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Yi, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Taiwanese aborigines, and Han Chinese.
- Haplogroup O2b-M176: Found frequently among Koreans, with a moderate distribution among Buryats, Daurs, Chinese, Evenks, Hezhe, Indonesians, Japanese, Manchus, Micronesians, Ryukyuans, Sibe, Thais, Udegeys, and Vietnamese.
- Haplogroup O2b1-47z: Found frequently among Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Koreans, Manchus, Thais, and Vietnamese.
[edit] Haplogroup O3-M122
Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia.[10]
- Haplogroup O3a3c-M134: Found frequently among Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia.
- Haplogroup O3a3b-M7: Found frequently among Ancient Daxi culture and modern Hmong–Mien peoples, with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese,[11] Buyei,[11] Bai,[12] Mosuo,[12] Tibetans,[12] Qiang,[11] Oroqen,[11] Tujia,[13] Thai,[13] Orang Asli,[13] western Indonesians,[13][14] Malaysians,[14] Vietnamese,[14] and Atayal.[13]
[edit] Subclades
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[15] and ISOGG-2010.[6]
- O (M175, P186, P191, P196)
- O*
- O1 (MSY2.2)
- O1a (M119)
- O1a1 (M307.2/P203.2)
- O1a1a (M101)
- O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)
- O1a1 (M307.2/P203.2)
- O1a (M119)
- O2 (P31, M268)
- O2a (M95)
- O2a1 (M88, M111)
- O2a1a (PK4)
- O2a1 (M88, M111)
- O2b (SRY465, P49, 022454)
- O2b1 (47z)
- O2a (M95)
- O3 (M122, P198)
- O3a (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
- O3a1 (M121, P27.2)
- O3a2 (M164)
- O3a3 (P201/021354)
- O3a3a (M159)
- O3a3b (M7)
- O3a3b1 (M113, M188, M209)
- O3a3b1a (N4)
- O3a3b1b (N5)
- O3a3b2 (P164)
- O3a3b1 (M113, M188, M209)
- O3a3c (M134)
- O3a3c1 (M117, M133)
- O3a3c1a (M162)
- O3a3c2 (P101)
- O3a3c1 (M117, M133)
- O3a4 (002611)
- O3a5 (M300)
- O3a6 (M333)
- O3a (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
[edit] Languages families and genes
The following is a phylogenetic tree of language families and their corresponding SNP markers, or haplogroups, sourced mainly from Edmondson as well as Shi, et al.[16][17]
| "Proto- Asiatic" (O-M175) |
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[edit] See also
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Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups |
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| most recent common Y-ancestor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1b | A1a-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1a | A2-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | BT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | H | IJK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | LT | K(xLT) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | M | NO | P | S | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| O | N | Q | R | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[edit] References
- ^ Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(8):1628-1641
- ^ http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n2/abs/5201748a.html
- ^ http://www.tmc.edu/tmcnews/10_15_98/page_08.html
- ^ http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/444436
- ^ http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/
- ^ a b Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2010
- ^ . doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56946.
- ^ . 15. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2588664.
- ^ a b Simona Fornarino, Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia et al., "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation," BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:154.
- ^ Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122
- ^ a b c d Xue et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," Genetics 172(4): 2431–2439.
- ^ a b c WEN Bo, SHI Hong, REN Ling et al., "The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation," Science in China Ser. C Life Sciences 2004 Vol.47 No.1 1—10.
- ^ a b c d e Bing Su, Li Jin, Peter Underhill et al., "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome," PNAS, vol. 97, no. 15, 8225–8228 (July 18, 2000).
- ^ a b c Manfred Kayser, Ying Choi, Mannis van Oven et al., "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y-chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2008 25(7):1362-1374; doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078
- ^ Karafet et al. (2008), Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree, Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008
- ^ Edmondson, Jerold A. The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam. Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics, Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris, ed. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd. http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/pol.pdf
- ^ Shi Hong, Dong Yong-li, Wen Bo, Xiao Chun-Jie, Peter A. Underhill, Shen Peidong, Ranajit Chakraborty, Li Jin, and Su Bing (2005). Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122. American Journal of Human Genetics 77:408–419.
- ^ Ratliff, Martha. 1998. Ho Ne (She) is Hmongic: One final argument. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 21.2:97-109. http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/ratliff1998ho.pdf
- ^ The outlier Kadai branch is called "Kra" by Thai linguist Weera Ostapirat and "Geyang" by Chinese linguists.
[edit] External links
- Migration patterns of early Humans and the full size map
- Spread of Haplogroup O, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
- China DNA interest group on Facebook
- China DNA at Family Tree DNA
- Haplogroup O (Y-DNA) interest group on Facebook
