Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)

	Haplogroup O
Time of origin	20,000-30,000 years BP
Place of origin	Central or East Asia
Ancestor	NO
Defining mutations	M175

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In human genetics, Haplogroup O (M175) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O is a close cladistic brother group with Haplogroup N, and is one of several descendants of Haplogroup K (the intermediates being Haplogroup NOP and Haplogroup NO).

[edit] Origins

Haplogroup O is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO (M214), and is believed to have first appeared in Siberia or eastern Central Asia approximately 35,000 years ago. Haplogroup O shares a node in the phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosomes with Haplogroup N, which is common throughout North Eurasia.

[edit] Distribution

This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of all men in East and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, Europe, and Africa and is completely absent from the Americas, although certain subclades of Haplogroup O do achieve significant frequencies among some populations of South Asia, Central Asia, and Oceania.

Among the subbranches of Haplogroup O are Haplogroup O1, Haplogroup O2, and Haplogroup O3.

Haplogroup O* lineages, which belong to Haplogroup O but do not display any of the later mutations that define the major subclades O1, O2, and O3, can still be detected at a low frequency among most modern populations of Central Asia and East Asia. For example, a broad survey of Y-chromosome variation among populations of central Eurasia found haplogroup O-M175*(xO1a-M119,O2a-M95,O3-M122) in 2.5% (one out of 40 individuals) of a sample of Tajiks in Samarkand, 4.5% (1/22) of Crimean Tatars in Uzbekistan, 1.5% (1/68) of Uzbeks in Surkhandarya, 1.4% (1/70) of Uzbeks in Khorezm, 12.5% (2/16) of Tajiks in Dushanbe, 1.9% (1/54) of Kazakhs in Kazakhstan, 4.9% (2/41) of Uyghurs in Kazakhstan, and 31.1% (14/45) of Koreans.^[1] However, nearly all of these Korean O*(xO1a,O2a,O3) Y-chromosomes probably belong to Haplogroup O2b, which has been found in approximately 30% of many samples of Koreans. There is also a possibility that the so-called Haplogroup O* Y-chromosomes that have been found among these populations might belong to Haplogroup O1*(xO1a-M119), Haplogroup O2*(xO2a-M95,O2b-M176), or Haplogroup O2b-M176.

[edit] Haplogroup O1a-M119

Is found in the Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Kradai peoples.

[edit] Haplogroup O2a-M95

Found among the Austro-Asiatic peoples, Kradai peoples, Malays, Indonesians, and Malagasy, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia.

[edit] Haplogroup O2a1-M88

Frequently found among Hani, She people, Tai peoples, Cambodians, and Vietnamese, with a moderate distribution among Qiang, Yi, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Taiwanese aborigines, and Han Chinese of Sichuan, Guangxi, and Guangdong.

[edit] Haplogroup O2a1a-PK4

Found at low frequency among Pashtuns^[2]

[edit] Haplogroup O2b-M176

Found frequently among Koreans, with a moderate distribution among Ryukyuans, Japanese, Indonesians, Vietnamese, Thais, Manchus, Evenks, and Micronesians.

[edit] Haplogroup O2b1-47z

Found frequently among Japanese and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution among Indonesians, Thais, Koreans, and Vietnamese.

[edit] Haplogroup O3-M122

Found frequently among populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and culturally Austronesian regions of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia.

[edit] Haplogroup O3a3c-M134

Found frequently among Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia.

[edit] Haplogroup O3a3b-M7

Found frequently among Hmong-Mien peoples, with a moderate distribution among Han Chinese, Buyei, Qiang, and Oroqen^[3]

[edit] Subclades

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree^[4] and subsequent published research.

O
- O-M175 (M175, P186, P191, P196)
  - O-MSY2.2 (MSY2.2)
    - O-M119 (M119)
      - O-P203 (P203)
        
        O-M101 (M101)
      - O-M50 (M50, M103, M110)
  - O-P31 (P31)
    - O-M95 (M95)
      - O-M88 (M88, M111)
        
        O-PK4 (PK4)
    - O-SRY465 (SRY465, P49, 022454)
      - O-47z (47z)
  - O-M122 (M122)
    - O-M324 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
      - O-M121 (M121, P27.2)
      - O-M164 (M164)
      - O-P201 (P201/021354)
        
        O-M159 (M159)
        
        O-M7 (M7)
        
        O-M113 (M113, M188, M209)
        
        O-N4 (N4)
        
        O-N5 (N5)
        
        O-P164 (P164)
        
        O-M134 (M134)
        
        O-M117 (M117, M133)
        
        O-M162 (M162)
        
        O-P101 (P101)
      - O-002611 (002611)
      - O-M300 (M300)
      - O-M333 (M333)

[edit] References

^ R. Spencer Wells, Nadira Yuldasheva, Ruslan Ruzibakiev, Peter A. Underhill, Irina Evseeva, Jason Blue-Smith, Li Jin, Bing Su, Ramasamy Pitchappan, Sadagopal Shanmugalakshmi, Karuppiah Balakrishnan, Mark Read, Nathaniel M. Pearson, Tatiana Zerjal, Matthew T. Webster, Irakli Zholoshvili, Elena Jamarjashvili, Spartak Gambarov, Behrouz Nikbin, Ashur Dostiev, Ogonazar Aknazarov, Pierre Zalloua, Igor Tsoy, Mikhail Kitaev, Mirsaid Mirrakhimov, Ashir Chariev, and Walter F. Bodmer: "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America v.98(18); Aug 28, 2001
^ Firasat et al. (2007), Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan, European Journal of Human Genetics 15, 121–126
^ Xue et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," Genetics 172(4): 2431–2439.
^ Karafet et al. (2008), Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree, Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008