Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup P
Time of origin 25,000-34,000 years BP[1]
Place of origin Central Asia - Siberia
Ancestor NOP
Descendants Q, R
Defining mutations 92R7, M45, M74/N12, P27, S25

In human genetics, Haplogroup P (M45) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most Europeans and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. It also contains approximately one third to two thirds of the males among various populations of Central Asia and Southern Asia.

Contents

[edit] Origins

Haplogroup P is a branch of Haplogroup K (M9). It is believed to have arisen north of the Hindu Kush, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, or Uzbekistan, approximately 35,000 to 40,000 years ago.

The descendant haplogroups of P include Q (M242) and R (M207).

[edit] Distribution

Besides the typically European/South Asian Haplogroup R and South-Central Siberian/Native American Haplogroup Q, other patrilines derived from Haplogroup P-M45 are labeled for sake of convenience as Haplogroup P* and are reported to have been found at low to moderate frequency among modern populations of Central Asia, Siberia, East Asia, and the Russian Far East. There is a conspicuous presence of Haplogroup P* on the Isle of Hvar in the Adriatic Sea off the Dalmatian coast of Croatia, which may be due to historical immigration of Avars from Central Asia. There have also been reports of Haplogroup P* from samples of Ashkenazi Jews, Native Americans, and some populations of South Asia and Oceania, but it is not entirely clear whether these were truly Haplogroup P* or rather instances of a haplogroups derived from Haplogroup P, such as Haplogroup R2 or Haplogroup Q.

[edit] Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation, according to the 2008 ISOGG tree:

[edit] References

  1. ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. 
  2. ^ Wen B, Li H, Lu D, et al. (September 2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature 431 (7006): 302–5. doi:10.1038/nature02878. PMID 15372031. "
    Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations".     
  3. ^ Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, et al. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (18): 10244–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMID 11526236. "
    Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region".     
  4. ^ a b Gayden T, Cadenas AM, Regueiro M, et al. (May 2007). "The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMID 17436243. 
  5. ^ Alicia M Cadenas et al., "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 374–386.
  6. ^ Sheyla Mirabal et al., "Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia," European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 4 March 2009; doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.6.
  7. ^ Bortolini MC, Salzano FM, Thomas MG, et al. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (3): 524–39. doi:10.1086/377588. PMID 12900798. 

[edit] External links


Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes)
most recent common Y-ancestor
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A BT
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B CT
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CF DE
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C F D E
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G H IJK
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IJ K
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I J L M NOP S T
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NO P
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N O Q R
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