Haplogroup S (Y-DNA)
| Haplogroup S
|
|
| Possible time of origin | 28,000-41,000 years before present[1] |
| Possible place of origin | Southeast Asia - New Guinea |
| Ancestor | MNOPS |
| Defining mutations | M230, P202, P204 |
| Highest frequencies | Ekari 74%[2] |
|---|---|
In human genetics, Haplogroup S (M230, P202, P204) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K5.
Contents |
[edit] Distribution
Haplogroup S is commonly found among populations of the highlands of Papua New Guinea.[3] It is also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of Indonesia and Melanesia.
Specifically, one study has reported finding haplogroup S-M230 in 52% (16/31) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea highlands, 21% (7/34) of a sample from the Moluccas, 16% (5/31) of a sample from the Papua New Guinea coast, 12.5% (2/16) of a sample of Tolai from New Britain, 10% (3/31) of a sample from Nusa Tenggara, and 2% (2/89) of a sample from the West New Guinea lowlands/coast.[3][4]
[edit] Subclades
[edit] Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[5] and subsequent published research.
- MNOPS
- S (M230, P202, P204)
- S1 (M254)
- S1a (P57)
- S1b (P61)
- S1c (P83)
- S1d (M226) Found with low frequency in the Admiralty Islands and along the Papua New Guinea coast[6]
- S1 (M254)
- S (M230, P202, P204)
[edit] References
- ^ Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
- ^ Mona, S.; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M.; Brauer, S.; Sudoyo, H.; Marzuki, S.; Kayser, M. (2007). "Patterns of Y-Chromosome Diversity Intersect with the Trans-New Guinea Hypothesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (11): 2546–55. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm187. PMID 17846104.
- ^ a b Kayser, Manfred; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila et al (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2): 281. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=379223.
- ^ Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340.
- ^ Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2336805.
- ^ Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W. et al (2008). "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution 25 (7): 1362–74. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
[edit] See also
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Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups |
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| most recent common Y-ancestor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1b | A1a-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1a | A2-T | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A2 | A3 | BT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B | CT | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | H | IJK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | LT | K(xLT) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | M | NO | P | S | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| O | N | Q | R | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
