Haplogroup T (mtDNA)

Haplogroup T
Possible time of origin	25,149 ± 4,668 Years Before Present
Possible place of origin	Mesopotamia / Fertile Crescent (modern Syria / Turkey)
Ancestor	J'T
Descendants	T1 and T2
Defining mutations	G709A, G1888A, A4917G, G8697A, T10463C, G13368A, G14905A, A15607G, G15928A, C16294T

In human population genetics, mitochondrial (mtDNA) haplogroups define the major lineages of direct maternal (female) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. In human genetics, Haplogroup T is a predominately Eurasian lineage.

Origins

Mitochondrial (mtDNA) Haplogroup T derives from the haplogroup J'T that also gave rise to haplogroup J.

Distribution

Haplogroup T is found in approximately 10% of native Europeans.

Haplogroup T is currently found with high concentrations around the eastern Baltic Sea.

The geographic distribution within subclade T2 varies greatly with the ratio of subhaplogroup T2e to T2b reported to vary 40-fold across examined populations from a low in Britain and Ireland, to a high in Saudi Arabia (Bedford 2012). Within subhaplogroup T2e, a very rare motif is identified among Sephardic Jews of Turkey and Bulgaria and suspected conversos from the New World (Bedford 2012). Found in Svan population from Caucasus(Georgia) T* 10,4% and T1 4,2%

Africa

Haplogroup T is uncommon in Africa and is absent from most populations there. Its highest frequencies are in two Semitic speaking peoples: the Amhara and the Tigrai (Kivisild 2004).

Population	Location	Language Family	N	Frequency	Source
Amhara	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	5/120	4.17%	Kivisild 2004
Beta Israel	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/29	0.00%	Behar 2008a
Dawro K.	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Omotic	2/137	1.46%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Ethiopia	Ethiopia	Undetermined	2/77	2.60%	Soares 2011
Ethiopian Jew	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/41	0.00%	Non 2011
Gurage	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	0/21	0.00%	Kivisild 2004
Hamer	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Omotic	0/11	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Ongota	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/19	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Oromo	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/33	0.00%	Kivisild 2004
Tigrai	Ethiopia	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	3/44	6.82%	Kivisild 2004
Daasanach	Kenya	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/49	0.00%	Poloni 2009
Elmolo	Kenya	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/52	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Kikuyu	Kenya	Niger-Congo	0/25	0.00%	Watson 1997
Luo	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/49	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Maasai	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/81	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Nairobi	Kenya	Niger-Congo	0/100	0.00%	Brandstatter 2004
Nyangatom	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/112	0.00%	Poloni 2009
Rendille	Kenya	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/17	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Samburu	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/35	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Turkana	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/51	0.00%	Castrì 2008 and Boattini 2013
Turkana	Kenya	Nilo-Saharan	0/47	0.00%	Poloni 2009 and Watson 1997
Hutu	Rwanda	Niger-Congo	0/42	0.00%	Castrì 2009
Somali	Somalia	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	2/163	1.23%	Soares 2011 and Watson 1997
Dinka	Sudan	Nilo-Saharan	0/46	0.00%	Krings 1999
Sudan	Sudan	Undetermined	3/102	2.94%	Soares 2011
Burunge	Tanzania	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/38	0.00%	Tishkoff 2007
Datoga	Tanzania	Nilo-Saharan	1/57	1.75%	Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003
Iraqw	Tanzania	Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic	0/12	0.00%	Knight 2003
Sukuma	Tanzania	Niger-Congo	0/32	0.00%	Tishkoff 2007 and Knight 2003
Turu	Tanzania	Niger-Congo	0/29	0.00%	Tishkoff 2007
Yemeni	Yemen	Afro-Asiatic > Semitic	1/114	0.88%	Kivisild 2004

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup I subclades is based on the paper (van Oven 2008) and subsequent published research (Behar 2012b). For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades (branches) are shown.

• T
  • T1
    • T1a
      • T1a1
    • T1b
  • T2
    • T2a
      • T2a1
    • T2b
      • T2b1
      • T2b2
      • T2b3
      • T2b4
      • T2b5
      • T2b6
    • T2c
      • T2c1
    • T2d
    • T2e
      • T2e2
    • T2f
      • T2f1
    • T2g

Health Issues

One study has shown Haplogroup T to be associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease (Sanger 2007). However, some studies have also shown that people of Haplogroup T are less prone to diabetes (Chinnery 2007 and González 2012).

A few tentative medical studies have demonstrated that Haplogroup T may offer some resistance to both Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Certain medical studies had shown mitochondrial Haplogroup T to be associated with reduced sperm motility in males, although these results have been challenged (Mishmar 2002). According to the Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologica Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Haplogroup T represents a weak genetic background that can predispose to asthenozoospermia (Ruiz-Pesini 2000). However, these findings have been disputed due to a small sample size in the study (Mishmar 2002).

Popular Culture

Popular Science

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes, who is in Haplogroup T, named the originator of this group "Tara," which means rocky hill in Gaelic. Sykes believes that: "Tara herself lived 17,000 years ago in the northwest of Italy among the hills of Tuscany and along the estuary of the river Arno" (Sykes 2002).

Famous Members

Nicholas II of Russia

The last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, has been shown to be of Haplogroup T, specifically subclade T2 (Ivanov 1996). Assuming all relevant pedigrees are correct, this includes all female-line descendants of his female line ancestor Barbara of Celje (1390-1451), wife of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. This includes a great number of European nobles, including George I of Great Britain and Frederick William I of Prussia (through the Electress Sophia of Hanover), Charles I of England, George III of the United Kingdom, George V of the United Kingdom, Charles X Gustav of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, Olav V of Norway, and George I of Greece. Many European royals have been found to be of this mtDNA Haplogroup, in addition to Haplogroup H (mtDNA).^{[citation needed]}

Jesse James

The American outlaw Jesse James has been shown to be of subclade T2.

See also

Genetics

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic Genealogy
• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
• Human mitochondrial genetics
• Human mitochondrial molecular clock
• Mitochondrial Eve
• mtDNA Haplogroups by Populations
• Population Genetics

Backbone mtDNA Tree

Evolutionary tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L0

L1-6

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

M

N

CZ

D

E

G

Q

A

S

R

I

W

X

Y

C

Z

B

F

R0

pre-JT

P

U

HV

JT

K

H

V

J

T

References

Works Cited

Books

• Sykes, Bryan (2002). The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393323146. 

Journals

• Pike DA, Barton TJ, Bauer SL, Kipp E (2010). "mtDNA Haplogroup T Phylogeny Based on Full Mitochondrial Sequences". Journal of Genetic Genealogy 6 (1). 
• Molecular instability of the mitochondrial haplogroup T sequences at nucleotide positions 16292 and 16296. 
• Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Larruga, José M; Cabrera, Vicente M; González, Ana M (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula". BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 45. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-45. PMC 2268671. PMID 18269758. 
• Babalini, Carla; Martínez-Labarga, Cristina; Tolk, Helle-Viivi; Kivisild, Toomas; Giampaolo, Rita; Tarsi, Tiziana; Contini, Irene; Barać, Lovorka et al. (2005). "The population history of the Croatian linguistic minority of Molise (southern Italy): A maternal view". European Journal of Human Genetics 13 (8): 902–12. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201439. PMID 15886710. 
• Bedford, Felice L (2012). "Sephardic signature in haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA". European Journal of Human Genetics 20 (4): 441–8. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.200. PMC 3306851. PMID 22108605. 
• Behar, DM; Metspalu, E; Kivisild, T; Rosset, S; Tzur, S; Hadid, Y; Yudkovsky, G; Rosengarten, D et al. (2008). "Counting the founders: The matrilineal genetic ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora". In MacAulay, Vincent. PLoS ONE 3 (4): e2062. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002062. PMC 2323359. PMID 18446216. 
• Behar, Doron M.; Van Oven, Mannis; Rosset, Saharon; Metspalu, Mait; Loogväli, Eva-Liis; Silva, Nuno M.; Kivisild, Toomas; Torroni, Antonio et al. (2012). "A "Copernican" Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root". The American Journal of Human Genetics 90 (4): 675. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.002. 
• Belyaeva, Olga; Bermisheva, Marina; Khrunin, Andrey; Slominsky, Petr; Bebyakova, Natalia; Khusnutdinova, E. K. (Elza Kamilevna); Mikulich, Aleksei Ignatevich; Limborskaia, S. A. (Svetlana Andreevna) (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA variations in Russian and Belorussian populations". Human Biology 75 (5): 647–60. doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0069. PMID 14763602. 
• Boattini, Alessio; Castrì, Loredana; Sarno, Stefania; Useli, Antonella; Cioffi, Manuela; Sazzini, Marco; Garagnani, Paolo; De Fanti, Sara et al. (2013). "MtDNA variation in East Africa unravels the history of afro-asiatic groups". American Journal of Physical Anthropology: n/a. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22212. 
• Bosch, E.; Calafell, F.; Gonzalez-Neira, A.; Flaiz, C.; Mateu, E.; Scheil, H.-G.; Huckenbeck, W.; Efremovska, L. et al. (2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns". Annals of Human Genetics 70 (4): 459–87. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x. PMID 16759179. 
• Brandstatter, Anita; Peterson, Christine T.; Irwin, Jodi A.; Mpoke, Solomon; Koech, Davy K.; Parson, Walther; Parsons, Thomas J. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences from Nairobi (Kenya): Inferring phylogenetic parameters for the establishment of a forensic database". International Journal of Legal Medicine 118 (5): 294–306. doi:10.1007/s00414-004-0466-z. PMID 15248073. 
• Castrì, Loredana; Garagnani, P; Useli, A; Pettener, D; Luiselli, D (2008). "Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa". Journal of Anthropological Sciences 86: 189–192. PMID 19934476. 
• Castrì, Loredana; Tofanelli, Sergio; Garagnani, Paolo; Bini, Carla; Fosella, Xenia; Pelotti, Susi; Paoli, Giorgio; Pettener, Davide et al. (2009). "MtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: Implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140 (2): 302–11. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21070. PMID 19425093. 
• Chinnery, P F; Mowbray, C; Patel, S K; Elson, J L; Sampson, M; Hitman, G A; McCarthy, M I; Hattersley, A T et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and type 2 diabetes: A study of 897 cases and 1010 controls". Journal of Medical Genetics 44 (6): e80. doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.048876. PMC 2740896. PMID 17551080. 
• Coble, Michael D.; Loreille, Odile M.; Wadhams, Mark J.; Edson, Suni M.; Maynard, Kerry; Meyer, Carna E.; Niederstätter, Harald; Berger, Cordula et al. (2009). "Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis". In Hofreiter, Michael. PLoS ONE 4 (3): e4838. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838. PMC 2652717. PMID 19277206. 
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• Fernandes, Verónica; Alshamali, Farida; Alves, Marco; Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Silva, Nuno M.; Cherni, Lotfi; Harich, Nourdin et al. (2012). "The Arabian Cradle: Mitochondrial Relicts of the First Steps along the Southern Route out of Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics 90 (2): 347. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.010. 
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• Poloni, Estella S.; Naciri, Yamama; Bucho, Rute; Niba, Régine; Kervaire, Barbara; Excoffier, Laurent; Langaney, André; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (2009). "Genetic Evidence for Complexity in Ethnic Differentiation and History in East Africa". Annals of Human Genetics 73 (6): 582. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00541.x. 
• Pope, AM; Carr, SM; Smith, KN; Marshall, HD; Marshall, H. D. (2011). "Mitogenomic and microsatellite variation in descendants of the founder population of Newfoundland: High genetic diversity in an historically isolated population". Genome / National Research Council Canada = Genome / Conseil national de recherches Canada 54 (2): 110–9. doi:10.1139/G10-102. PMID 21326367. 
• Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Chaix, Raphaëlle; Wells, R. Spencer; Behar, Doron M.; Sayar, Hamid; Scozzari, Rosaria; Rengo, Chiara; Al-Zahery, Nadia et al. (2004). "Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor". The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 827–45. doi:10.1086/383236. PMC 1181978. PMID 15077202. 
• Richards, Martin; MacAulay, Vincent; Hickey, Eileen; Vega, Emilce; Sykes, Bryan; Guida, Valentina; Rengo, Chiara; Sellitto, Daniele et al. (2000). "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool". The American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (5): 1251–76. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1. PMC 1288566. PMID 11032788. 
• Richards, Martin; Rengo, Chiara; Cruciani, Fulvio; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Scozzari, Rosaria; MacAulay, Vincent; Torroni, Antonio (2003). "Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (4): 1058–64. doi:10.1086/374384. PMC 1180338. PMID 12629598. 
• Rogaev, E. I.; Grigorenko, A. P.; Moliaka, Y. K.; Faskhutdinova, G.; Goltsov, A.; Lahti, A.; Hildebrandt, C.; Kittler, E. L. W. et al. (2009). "Genomic identification in the historical case of the Nicholas II royal family". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (13): 5258–63. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811190106. PMC 2664067. PMID 19251637. 
• Ruiz-Pesini, Eduardo; Lapeña, Ana-Cristina; Díez-Sánchez, Carmen; Pérez-Martos, Acisclo; Montoya, Julio; Alvarez, Enrique; Díaz, Miguel; Urriés, Antonio et al. (2000). "Human mtDNA Haplogroups Associated with High or Reduced Spermatozoa Motility". The American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (3): 682–96. doi:10.1086/303040. PMC 1287528. PMID 10936107. 
• Shlush, Liran I.; Behar, Doron M.; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Templeton, Alan; Hadid, Yarin; Basis, Fuad; Hammer, Michael; Itzkovitz, Shalev et al. (2008). "The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East". In Gemmell, Neil John. PLoS ONE 3 (5): e2105. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002105. PMC 2324201. PMID 18461126. 
• Soares, P.; Alshamali, F.; Pereira, J. B.; Fernandes, V.; Silva, N. M.; Afonso, C.; Costa, M. D.; Musilova, E. et al. (2011). "The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa". Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (3): 915–27. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr245. PMID 22096215. 
• Stanger, Olaf; Müller, Edith; Zimmermann, Franz; Wiesbauer, Martina; Mayr, Johannes A.; Paulweber, Bernhard; Iglseder, Bernhard; Renner, Wilfried et al. (2007). "30 Mitochondrial haplogroup T is associated with coronary artery disease". Mitochondrion 7 (6): 412. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2007.08.034. 
• Stone, AC; Starrs, JE; Stoneking, M (2001). "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the presumptive remains of Jesse James". Journal of forensic sciences 46 (1): 173–6. PMID 11210907. 
• Terreros, Maria C; Rowold, Diane J; Mirabal, Sheyla; Herrera, Rene J (2011). "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal stratification in Iran: Relationship between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula". Journal of Human Genetics 56 (3): 235–46. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.174. PMID 21326310. 
• Thomas, Mark G; Barnes, Ian; Weale, Michael E; Jones, Abigail L; Forster, Peter; Bradman, Neil; Pramstaller, Peter P (2008). "New genetic evidence supports isolation and drift in the Ladin communities of the South Tyrolean Alps but not an ancient origin in the Middle East". European Journal of Human Genetics 16 (1): 124–34. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201906. PMID 17712356. 
• Tishkoff, S. A.; Gonder, M. K.; Henn, B. M.; Mortensen, H.; Knight, A.; Gignoux, C.; Fernandopulle, N.; Lema, G. et al. (2007). "History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation". Molecular Biology and Evolution 24 (10): 2180–95. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155. PMID 17656633. 
• Topf, A. L.; Gilbert, MT; Dumbacher, JP; Hoelzel, AR (2005). "Tracing the Phylogeography of Human Populations in Britain Based on 4th-11th Century mtDNA Genotypes". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (1): 152–61. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj013. PMID 16151183. 
• Torroni, A; Huoponen, K; Francalacci, P; Petrozzi, M; Morelli, L; Scozzari, R; Obinu, D; Savontaus, ML et al. (1996). "Classification of European mtDNAs From an Analysis of Three European Populations". Genetics 144 (4): 1835–50. PMC 1207732. PMID 8978068. 
• van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation 30 (2): E386–94. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. 
• Watson, E; Forster, P; Richards, M; Bandelt, HJ (1997). "Mitochondrial footprints of human expansions in Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics 61 (3): 691–704. doi:10.1086/515503. PMC 1715955. PMID 9326335. 

Websites

• Behar; Family Tree DNA (2012). "mtDNA Community". 

Further reading

• Černý, Viktor; Pereira, Luísa; Kujanová, Martina; VašÍková, Alžběta; Hájek, Martin; Morris, Miranda; Mulligan, Connie J. (2009). "Out of Arabia-The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138 (4): 439–47. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20960. PMID 19012329. 
• Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C. J. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539. 
• Petit-Maire, Nicole; Bouysse, Philippe (2000). "Geological records of the recent past, a key to the near future world environments". Episodes (Geological Society of Indiana). 

External links

• General
  • Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
  • Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
  • The Genographic Project Public Participation Mitochondrial DNA Database
• Haplogroup T
  • Discussion List at RootsWeb
  • Spread of Haplogroup T, from National Geographic
  • Genetic Genealogy: A Personal Perspective on Tara, Karelians and Kent, England
  • Analysis of a Haplogroup T sequence (T5/T2)
  • Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T
  • mtDNA Haplogroup T - Full Genomic Sequence Research Project
  • Phylogenetic Networks for the Human mtDNA Haplogroup T