Hash oil
Hash oil (also known as honey oil, dabs, shatter, or earwax) is a resinous matrix of cannabinoids obtained from the cannabis plant by solvent extraction.[1]
Hash oil is the most potent of three main cannabis products, which are herb (marijuana), resin (hashish), and oil (hash oil).[2]
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THC contents[edit]
Reported THC contents vary between sources. The 2009 World Drug Reports reports THC content as "may exceed 60%". A 2013 American forensic science book gave a range of 10-30% delta-9 THC by weight.[3] and a 1972 American forensic journal reported a range of 20-65%.[4]
Usage[edit]
Hash oil can be consumed in various ways, including smoking, vaporization, or orally.[5]
Manufacturing[edit]
Hash oil is a cannabis product obtained from separating resins from leaves by solvent extraction.[6]
Cannabis is boiled in water to form a viscous liquid which is then strained and the water is evaporated to yield hash oil. [7]
Newer methods like CO2 extraction provide a safer way to extract the resin. CO2 extraction is a method of using high pressure to force a solvent through plant matter. The solvent used for extraction is carbon dioxide. The solvent is pushed through the plant matter at a high pressure and separates the cannabinoid resins and terpenes from the plant matter. The result is pure, transparent, amber oil. Carbon Dioxide is a natural product which leaves behind no residues. CO2’s purity is its biggest advantage over all other solvents used for plant extraction. Currently, a popular extraction solvent is butane which can potentially leave heavy metals behind in the extracted product.
Social concerns[edit]
Explosion and fire incidents related to manufacturing attempts in homes have been reported. Associated Press reports that such incidents in United States have primarily been in west coast states that permit medical marijuana.[8]
Legality[edit]
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Cannabis extracts (including hash oil) are classified as narcotic drugs under Schedule I and IV of the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.[9]
Statistics[edit]
The 2006 World Drug Report reports that cannabis oil seizures doubled in 2004, and that it represented 0.01% of global cannabis seized.[10] In 2007, 418 kg equivalent of hash oil was seized globally.[11]
Australia[edit]
In the Northern Territory, adults found in possession of up to one gram of hash oil can face a fine of up to $200, which if paid within 28 days, negates a criminal charge.[12]
Under New Zealand law hashish, hash oil, THC, and any other preparations containing THC made by processing the plant are scheduled as Class B substances.[13]
Italy[edit]
issues a warning to those in possession of a substance for personal use which contains up to one gram of THC, with further sanctions following if the subject re-offends.[9]
Portugal[edit]
Although provision of tools utilized in production and consumption of cannabis is illegal in Portugal; Portuguese law allows for the possession of up to 2.5 grams of hash oil for personal use.
United States[edit]
The production or possession of hash is illegal in many US states without medical marijuana. States such as Texas as well as others consider hash as a controlled substance and is a felony offense. Until guidelines were amended in November 1995, Federal law did not explicitly define the difference between marijuana, hash, and hash oil, which led to cannabis preparations being assessed case-by-case.[14] Under the new federal guidelines, hashish oil is characterized as:
A preperation of the soluble cannabinioids derived from Cannabis that includes (i) one or more of the tetrahydrocannibinols.. ..and (ii) at least two of the following: cannabinol, cannabidiol, or cannibichromene, and (iii) is essentially free of plant material.[15]
United Kingdom[edit]
Hashish is classified as a Class B controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The status of "liquid cannabis" is "currently the subject of legal argument"[16] The Misuse of Drugs Act: A Guide For Forensic Scientists published by the Royal Society of Chemistry suggests that the term "liquid cannabis" is preferable to "hash oil", as it does not involve definition of what exactly constitutes an "oil". The authors also recommend adoption of "purified form" instead of "solvent extract" when describing hash oil, as the former would not require proof of solvent usage by forensic scientists.[17]
Images[edit]
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Hash oil
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Hash oil
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Golden cannabis oil
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Full extract oil in oral syringe
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2013/05/amateurs-guide-dabs/65266/
- ^ World Drug Report. United Nations Publications. 2009. p. 98.
- ^ Eds. Jim Fraser, Robin Williams (2013). Handbook of Forensic Science. Routledge. p. 117. ISBN 9781134028702.
- ^ Thornton; Nakamura (1972). "Criminal Investigation". Journal of Forensic Science Society.
- ^ Cynthia Kuhn, Scott Swartzwelder, Wilkie Wilson, Leigh Heather Wilson, Jeremy Foster (2003). Buzzed. W. W. Norton & Company; 2 Rev Upd edition. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-393-32493-8.
- ^ Christian, Donnell R. (2003). Forensic Investigation of Clandestine Laboratories. London: CRC Press. ISBN 0203484541.
- ^ Earleywine, Mitch (2002). Understanding Marijuana:A New Look at the Scientific Evidence. Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 019988143X.
- ^ Risling, Greg (2013-03-17). "Explosions highlight risk in making hash oil". Spokesman Review. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Legal Topic Overviews: Possession of Cannabis for Personal Use". European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2012-01-26. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- ^ 2006 World Drug Report: Analysis. United Nations Publications. 2006. p. 2033. ISBN 9211482143.
- ^ World Drug Report. United Nations Publications. 2009. p. 98.
- ^ "Cannabis and the Law". National Cannabis Information and Prevention Centre. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- ^ "Schedule 2: Class B controlled drugs". Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 No 116 (as at 08 September 2011), Public Act. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office/Te Tari Tohutohu Pāremata. 8 September 2011. Part 1 clause 1.
- ^ Boire, Richard (1996). Marijuana Law. p. 20. ISBN 0914171860.
- ^ Boire, Richard (1996). Marijuana Law. p. 21. ISBN 0914171860.
- ^ "House of Lords – Section 2 - Types Of Cannabis Available On The Illicit Market In The UK". Independent Drug Monitoring Unit. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- ^ King, Leslie A. (2003). The Misuse of Drugs Act: A Guide For Forensic Scientists. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-85404-625-6.
Further reading[edit]
- Gold, D. (1993). Cannabis Alchemy. ISBN 0914171402.
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