Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | |
| Classification and external resources | |
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|---|---|
| Histology | |
| ICD-10 | E06.3 |
| ICD-9 | 245.2 |
| OMIM | 140300 |
| DiseasesDB | 5649 |
| eMedicine | med/949 |
| MeSH | D050031 |
Hashimoto's thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the body's own T-cells attack the cells of the thyroid. It was the first disease to be recognised as an autoimmune disease.[citation needed]
This disorder is believed to be the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in North America. It occurs far more often in women than in men (10:1 to 20:1), and is most prevalent between 45 and 65 years of age.
In European countries, an atrophic form of autoimmune thyroiditis (Ord's thyroiditis) is more common than Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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[edit] Causes
The family history of thyroid disorders is common, with the HLA-DR5 gene most strongly implicated conferring a relative risk of 3 in the UK. In addition Hashimoto's thyroiditis may be associated with CTLA-4 gene since the CTLA-4 antigen acts as an inhibitor to T-Cell activation.
The genes implicated vary in different ethnic groups and the incidence is increased in patients with chromosomal disorders, including Turner, Down's, and Klinefelter's syndromes.
The underlying specifics of the immune system destruction of thyroid cells is not clearly understood. Various autoantibodies may be present against thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin and TSH receptors, although a small percentage of patients may have none of these antibodies present. A percentage of the population may also have these antibodies without developing Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
[edit] Presentation
Hashimoto's thyroiditis very often results in hypothyroidism.
Physiologically, antibodies against thyroid peroxidase and/or thyroglobulin cause gradual destruction of follicles in the thyroid gland. Accordingly, the disease can be detected clinically by looking for these antibodies in the blood. It is also characterized by invasion of the thyroid tissue by leukocytes, mainly T-lymphocytes. It is associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Symptoms of Hashimoto's thyroiditis include weight gain, depression, mania, sensitivity to cold, fatigue, panic attacks, bradycardia, tachycardia, high cholesterol, reactive hypoglycemia, constipation, migraines, muscle weakness, cramps, memory loss, infertility and hair loss.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is often misdiagnosed as depression, cyclothymia, PMS, and, less frequently as bipolar disorder or as anxiety disorder. Testing for TSH and anti-thyroid antibodies can resolve any diagnostic difficulty. [1]
Hashimotos when presenting as mania is known as Prasad's syndrome after Ashok Prasad, the psychiatrist who first described it.[1]
[edit] Treatment
Hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto's Thyroiditis is treated with thyroid hormone replacement with agents such as levothyroxine. A small pill taken once a day should be able to keep the thyroid hormone levels normal. This medicine will, in most cases, need to be taken for the rest of the patient's life.
[edit] Eponym
Also known as Hashimoto's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is named after the Japanese physician Hakaru Hashimoto (1881−1934) of the medical school at Kyushu University,[2] who first described the symptoms in 1912 in a German publication[3].
[edit] Possible complications
If untreated for an extended period, Hashimoto's thyroiditis may lead to muscle failure, including possible heart failure. An extremely rare condition associated with the thyroiditis is Hashimoto's encephalopathy.
[edit] References
- ^ Giannini, AJ (1986). The Biological Foundations of Clinical Psychiatry. New Hyde Park, NY: Medical Examination Publishing Company. pp. 193-198. ISBN 0-87488-449-7.
- ^ Hakaru Hashimoto at Who Named It?
- ^ H. Hashimoto: Zur Kenntnis der lymphomatösen Veränderung der Schilddrüse (Struma lymphomatosa). Archiv für klinische Chirurgie, Berlin, 1912, 97: 219−248.
[edit] External links
- Hashimoto's disease at the Mayo Clinic
- Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
- Alternative Health Solutions for Thyroid Autoimmunity
- Elaine Moore Graves' and Autoimmune Disease Education
- Hashimoto's Disease and Healthy Weight Loss Information
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