Hate group
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A hate group is an organized group or movement that advocates hate, hostility, or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or other designated sector of society.
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[edit] Violence
The California Association for Human Relations Organizations (CAHRO) asserts that hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and White Aryan Resistance preach violence against racial, religious, sexual and other minorities in the United States. These groups have hotlines, websites, Internet chatrooms, and propaganda distribution networks designed to transform fear into violence, and to brutalize minorities and vandalize their property. Joseph E. Agne argues that hate-motivated violence is a result of the successes of the civil rights movement, and asserts that the Ku Klux Klan has resurfaced and new hate groups have formed.[1] Agne asserts that it is a mistake to underestimate the strength of the hate-violence movement, its apologists, and its silent partners.[2]
In the United States, crimes that "manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity, including the crimes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter; forcible rape; robbery; aggravated assault; burglary; larceny-theft; motor vehicle theft; arson; simple assault; intimidation; and destruction, damage or vandalism of property" directed at the U.S. government, an individual, a business, or institution, involving hate groups and hate crimes, may be investigated as acts of domestic terrorism.[3][4][5][6]
[edit] Hate speech
Dr. Ehud Sprinzak, an expert on terrorism and hate crimes, asserts that verbal violence is "the use of extreme language against an individual or a group that either implies a direct threat that physical force will be used against them, or is seen as an indirect call for others to use it." Sprinzak argues that verbal violence is often a substitute for real violence, and that the verbalization of hate has the potential to incite people who are incapable of distinguishing between real and verbal violence to engage in actual violence. Historian Daniel Goldhagen, discussing anti-semitic hate groups, argues that we should view "verbal violence... as an assault in its own right, having been intended to produce profound damage—emotional, psychological, and social—to the dignity and honor of the Jews. The wounds that people suffer by... such vituperation... can be as bad as... [a] beating."
[edit] Hate groups and the Internet
In the mid-1990s, the popularity of the Internet brought new international exposure to many organizations, including groups with beliefs such as white supremacy, homophobia, Holocaust denial or Islamophobia. Since the advent of the Internet, a common tactic by hate groups is the use of Cyberstalking.[citation needed] Several white supremacist groups have founded websites dedicated to attacking their perceived enemies. Targets of such attacks include Ken McVay, founder of the Nizkor Project, and Morris Dees, founder of the Southern Poverty Law Center.
In 1996, the Simon Wiesenthal Center of Los Angeles asked Internet access providers to adopt a code of ethics that would prevent extremists from publishing their ideas online. Internet providers that adopt the code would refuse service to individuals or groups that "promote violence and mayhem, denigrate and threaten minorities and women, and promote homophobia."
In 1996, the European Commission formed the Consultative Commission on Racism and Xenophobia (CRAX), a pan-European group to "encourage the mixing of people of different cultures" from both inside and outside Europe, tasked to "investigate and, using legal means, stamp out the current wave of racism on the Internet."[7]
[edit] Hate groups and religion
White nationalists and white supremacists have created a number of religions.[citation needed] William Luther Pierce, founder of the National Alliance, also founded the religion of Cosmotheism. The former "World Church of the Creator", now renamed the Creativity Movement, is led by Matthew F. Hale and is tied to violence and bigotry.
In a similar vein, the Southern Poverty Law Center of the United States classes the Nation of Islam, an influential African-American group as a hate group under the category "Black separatist".[8] The Nation of Islam preaches that a black scientist named Yakub created the white race, a "race of devils", six thousand years ago on the Greek island of Patmos. The Nation of Islam, unlike traditional Islamic groups, does not accept white members and is not regarded as a legitimate branch of Islam by mainstream Muslims.
Some new religious movements (NRMs) have seized upon anti-cult movement (ACM) critique and what they see as hostile acts of their unfavorable former members, and cited them as examples of religious intolerance, persecution, and bigotry. CESNUR’s president Massimo Introvigne, writes in his article "So many evil things: Anti-cult terrorism via the Internet"[9], that fringe and extreme anti-cult activism resort to tactics that may create a background favorable to extreme manifestations of discrimination and hate against individuals that belong to new religious movements. Somewhat in concurrence with Introvigne, professor Eileen Barker asserts that the controversy surrounding certain new religious movements can turn violent by a process called deviancy amplification spiral.[10]
[edit] Psychopathology of hate groups
According to a 2003 FBI Law Enforcement bulletin [11], a hate group, if unimpeded, passes through seven successive stages. In the first four stages, hate groups vocalize their beliefs and in the last three stages, they act on their beliefs. The report points to a transition period that exists between verbal violence and acting that violence out, separating hardcore haters from rhetorical haters. Thus, hate speech is seen as prerequisites of hate crimes and as a condition of their possibility. Similar stages have been proposed for genocide.
[edit] Classification of hate groups
The classification of other groups as a hate group is controversial and little or no consensus has developed as to whether political, religious or anti-religious movements deserve the label hate group. In the United States, two of the several organizations that claim to address intolerance and hate groups are the Anti-Defamation League (ADL)[12] and the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC).[13] The ADL and the SPLC maintain a list of what they deem to be hate groups, to be supremacist groups, anti-Semitic, anti-government or extremist groups that have committed "hate crimes." The Westboro Baptist Church is also considered a hate group by gay rights activists, the ADL and many others for its provocative and bitter stance against homosexuality.[14]
[edit] Notes
- ^ http://gbgm-umc.org/advance/Church-Burnings/hategrup.html#consult
- ^ The Church's Response to Hate-Group Violence
- ^ The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program - Data Quality Guidelines for Statistics - APPENDIX III—A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HATE CRIME PROGRAM [1]
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation - Civil Rights - Hate Crime Overview - The FBI’s Role [2]
- ^ Hate Crime Statistics, 2006
- ^ 1999 Developing Hate Crime Questions for the National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS) Pg. 1 [3]
- ^ Newsbytes News Network, 31 January 1996
- ^ SPLC - Active U.S. Hate Groups in 2008: Black Separatist
- ^ CESNUR - "So Many Evil Things": Anti-Cult Terrorism via the Internet
- ^ Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
- ^ "2003 FBI Law Enforcement bulletin". 2003. http://www.fbi.gov/publications/leb/2003/mar03leb.pdf.
- ^ "ADL: Fighting Anti-Semitism, Bigotry and Extremism". http://www.adl.org/. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "SPLCenter.org...forwarding to index.jsp". http://www.splcenter.org/. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ The year in hate 2005, Southern Poverty Law Center.
[edit] References
- Sprinzak, Ehud. Brother against Brother: Violence and Extremism in Israeli Politics from Altalena to the Rabin Assassination. New York: The Free Press (1999)
- Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans the Holocaust (Knopf, 1996), p. 124.
- Schafer,John R. MA & Navarro. Joe, MA . The seven-stage hate model: The psychopathology of hate groups. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, March 2003
- Denning, Dorothy E., and Peter J. Denning. Internet Besieged: Countering Cyberspace Scofflaws. New York: ACM Press (1998)
- Perry, Barbara - ‘Button-Down Terror’: The Metamorphosis of the Hate Movement. Sociological Focus Vol. 33 (No. 2, May 2000): 113.
- Jessup, Michael The Sword of Truth in the Sea of Lies: The Theology of Hate, Google Print, p.165-p.166, in Robert J. Priest, Alvaro L. Nieves (ed.), This Side of Heaven, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 019531056X
- J. Wayne Dudley, Phylon, Vol. 42, No. 3 (3rd Qtr., 1981), pp. 262–274 (JSTOR)
[edit] External links
- Hate Groups at the Open Directory Project
- Poisoning the Web: Hatred Online, Internet Bigotry, Extremism and Violence - The Anti-defamation League
- Hatewatch
- Tolerance.org. map of hate groups in the USA
- Online Hate - The Media Awareness Network
- Deconstructing Hate Sites
- Survivor bashing - bias motivated hate crimes
- Hate Communities in Cyber Space; Manjeet Chaturvedi,Ishan, Ishita
- "When Hate went Online"
- Active U.S. Hate Groups - a map at The Southern Poverty Law Center
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