The Hawala scandal or hawala scam was an Indian political scandal involving payments allegedly received by politicians through four hawala brokers, the Jain brothers. It was a US$18 million bribery scandal that implicated some of the country's leading politicians.
In 1991, an arrest linked to militants in Kashmir led to a raid on hawala brokers, revealing evidence of large-scale payments to national politicians.[1] Those accused included L. K. Advani, V. C. Shukla, P. Shiv Shankar, Sharad Yadav, Balram Jakhar, and Madan Lal Khurana.[2] The prosecution that followed was partly prompted by a public interest petition (see Vineet Narain), and yet the court cases of the Hawala scandal eventually all collapsed without convictions.[1] Many were acquitted in 1997 and 1998, partly because the hawala records (including diaries) were judged in court to be inadequate as the main evidence.[2] The Central Bureau of Investigation's role was criticised. In concluding the Vineet Narain case, the Supreme Court of India directed that the Central Vigilance Commission should be given a supervisory role over the CBI.[1]
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Kapoor, S. (1996), Bad Money, Bad Politics: The Untold Hawala Story, Har–Anand Publications, Delhi - cited (p.22) by Ashok V. Desai in The Economics and Politics of Transition to an Open Market Economy: India, OECD Working Paper 155 accessed at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/3/1921937.pdf May 26, 2011
- Hawala. An Informal Payment System and Its Use to Finance Terrorism by Sebastian R. Müller (Dec. 2006), ISBN 3-8655-0656-9
- ^ a b c "Vineet Narain Case, Directions of the Court". 2 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070402221106/http://cbi.nic.in/Judgements/dsc.htm.
- ^ a b Sudha Mahalingam (Mar 21 - Apr 3, 1998). "Jain Hawala Case: Diaries as evidence". Frontline magazine 15 (6). Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070310210202/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1506/15060270.htm. Retrieved Nov 2, 2006.
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