From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
See Russian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
| IPA |
Examples |
IPA |
Examples[1] |
English equivalents |
| Consonants |
| b |
бок; небо |
bʲ |
белого; воробей |
boot; beautiful |
| d |
дом; деда |
dʲ |
делает; Владимир |
do; dew (for some dialects) |
| f |
фата; выставка;[2] Чехов;[3] шурф |
fʲ |
фея; червь[3] |
fool; few |
| ɡ |
говорю; другой |
ɡʲ |
гербарий; ноги |
goo; ague |
|
j |
есть; юла; я; толстый [4] |
yes, boy |
| k |
кость; рука; бок |
kʲ |
кишки; короткий |
cooter; cute |
| l |
луна; стула ; ствол[5] |
lʲ |
лес; колено; мысль |
pill; least |
| m |
мыло; думать; там |
mʲ |
мясо; доме |
moot; mute |
| n |
нос; он |
nʲ |
нёс; они; корень |
noon; new (for some dialects) |
| p |
пыль; стопа; скрип; зуб[3] |
pʲ |
пепел |
poo; pew |
| r |
рыба; широкий; орла; жир |
rʲ |
река; четыре; три; зверь |
trilled r, like Spanish |
| s |
собака; писать; нос; глаз[3] |
sʲ |
синего; здесь; есть; грызть[2] |
soup; super (for some dialects) |
| ʂ |
широкий; наш; хороший; муж;[3] что |
ɕɕ |
щегол; считать; мужчина; вращать [6] |
shop; fresh cheese |
| t |
тот; читаю; водка;[2] лёд[3] |
tʲ |
тереть; дитя; грудь[3] |
tool; tune (for some dialects) |
| ts |
цель; птица; отец |
tɕ |
чей; печень; течь |
tsunami, cats; chip |
| v |
ваш; давать; его[7] |
vʲ |
вести; человек |
voodoo; view |
| x |
ходить; ухо; бог[8] |
xʲ |
хина; лёгких[2][8] |
bach; huge (for some dialects) |
| z |
заезжать; язык |
zʲ |
зелёный; озеро; просьба;[2] зверь |
zoo; azure (for some dialects) |
| ʐ |
жест; тяжёлый |
ʑʑ |
сжимать; заезжать |
rouge; |
|
| IPA |
Examples |
English equivalent |
| Stressed vowels |
| a |
трава́ |
ton |
| æ |
пять |
tan |
| ɑ |
па́лка [9] |
palm |
| e |
цель |
pay |
| ɛ |
жест |
met |
| i |
си́него |
meat |
| ɨ |
ты |
roses (for some dialects) |
| o |
о́блако |
chore |
| ɵ |
тётя |
|
| u |
пу́ля |
choose |
| ʉ |
чуть |
|
| Unstressed vowels |
| ɐ |
паро́м; сообража́ть; стопа́ |
bud |
| ə |
ко́жа; ше́я; облако |
about |
| ɪ |
тяжёлый; эта́п; четы́ре |
bit |
| ɨ |
дыша́ть; жена́; се́рдце |
roses (for some dialects) |
| ʉ |
юти́ться |
| u |
мужчи́на |
euphoria |
| Other symbols used in transcription of Russian pronunciation |
| IPA |
Explanation |
| ˈ |
Stress (placed before the stressed syllable),
for example этап [ɪˈtap] |
|
- ^ Russian makes contrasts between palatalized ("soft") and unpalatalized ("hard") consonants. Palatalized consonants, denoted by a superscript j, < ʲ >, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, in a manner similar to the articulation of the <y> sound in yes. /j/, /ɕɕ/, /tɕ/, /ʑʑ/ are also considered "soft".
- ^ a b c d e In consonant clusters, the voicing or devoicing is determined by that of the final obstruent in the sequence (Halle 1959:31)
- ^ a b c d e f g Voiced obstruents (/b/, /bʲ/, /d/, /dʲ/ /ɡ/, /v/, /vʲ/, /z/, /zʲ/, /ʐ/, and /ʑʑ/) are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
- ^ The "soft" vowel letters <е> <ю> and <я> represent a /j/ plus a vowel when initial or following other vowels or a yer. When such vowels are unstressed, the /j/ may be deleted.
- ^ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized but this feature is nondistinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
- ^ While some speakers pronounce words with <щ> as [ɕɕ] and some as [ɕtɕ], none contrast the two pronunciations, even in words where this sound is spelled with other letters.
- ^ Intervocalic <г> can represent /v/ in certain words and affixes
- ^ a b When /ɡ/ loses its voicing, it is also lenited
- ^ [ɑ] appears between a hard consonant (or a pause) and /l/
[edit] See also
[edit] References
