Hemangioma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Hemangioma | |
| Classification and external resources | |
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|---|---|
| A small hemangioma of infancy | |
| ICD-10 | D18.0 |
| ICD-9 | 228.0 |
| ICD-O: | M9120/0 |
| DiseasesDB | 30033 |
| MedlinePlus | 001459 |
| eMedicine | derm/201 |
| MeSH | D006391 |
A hemangioma of infancy is a benign self involuting tumour of endothelial cells (the cells that line blood vessels). In most cases it appears during the first days or weeks of life and will have resolved at the latest by age 10.
In infancy, it is the most common tumor.[1]
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[edit] Terminology
Before considering the hemangioma it is important to understand that there have been recent changes in the terminology used to define vascular anomalies (abnormal lumps made up of blood vessels). The term hemangioma was originally used to describe any vascular tumour like structure, both present around birth or appearing later in life. Mulliken et al. separated these conditions into a family of self-involuting tumours (growing lesions that eventually disappear) from the family of malformations (enlarged or abnormal vessels present at birth and essentially permanent). The importance of this separation is that it allows us to differentiate early in life between lesions that will resolve versus those that are permanent. Examples of permanent malformations include Port-wine stains (capillary vascular malformation) and masses of abnormal swollen veins (venous malformations).[2] Unfortunately many textbooks and dictionaries are not up to date, creating great confusion.
[edit] Presentation
Hemangiomas are connected to the circulatory system and filled with blood. The appearance depends on location. If they are on the surface of the skin they look like a ripe strawberry, if they are just under the skin they present as a bluish swelling. Sometimes they grow in internal organs such as the liver or larynx. In most cases, hemangiomas will disappear over time. They are formed either during gestation or most commonly they are not present at birth but appear during the first few weeks of life. They are often misdiagnosed, initially, as a scratch or bruise but the diagnosis becomes obvious with further growth. Typically at the earliest phase in a superficial lesion one will see a bluish red area with obvious blood vessels and surrounding pallor. Sometimes they present as a flat red or pink area. Hemangiomas are the most common childhood tumor, occurring in approximately ten percent of Caucasians, and are less prevalent in other races. Females are three to five times more likely to have hemangiomas than males. They are also more common in twin pregnancies. Approximately 80% are located on the face and neck, with the next most prevalent location being the liver. Although hemangiomas are benign, some serious complications can occur. Hemangiomas almost never develop in an adult. One misunderstanding is that all hemangiomas go away by the age of 10; very few do not (particularly those on the liver).
[edit] Causes
The cause of hemangioma is currently unknown; however, several studies have suggested the importance of estrogen signaling in hemangioma proliferation. In 2007, a paper from the Stanford Children's Surgical Laboratory revealed that localized soft tissue hypoxia coupled with increased circulating estrogen after birth may be the stimulus.[3] There is also a hypothesis presented by researchers at Harvard and the University of Arkansas that maternal placenta embolizes to the fetal dermis during gestation resulting in hemangiomagenesis,[4][5] yet Duke researchers conducted genetic analyses of small nucleotide polymorphisms in hemangioma tissue compared to the mother's DNA that contradicted this notion.[6] More research is required in order to fully understand the explosive nature of hemangioma growth which will hopefully yield targeted therapeutics to treat its most complicated presentations.
[edit] Complications
The vast majority of hemangiomas are not associated with complications. Hemangiomas may break down on the surface (ulcerate). If the ulceration is deep, significant bleeding may occur in rare occasions. Ulceration on the diaper area can be painful and problematic.
If a hemangioma develops in the larynx, breathing can be compromised. A hemangioma can grow and block one of the eyes, causing an occlusion amblyopia. Very rarely, extremely large hemangiomas can cause high-output heart failure due to the amount of blood that must be pumped to excess blood vessels. Lesions adjacent to bone can also cause erosion of the bone.
The most frequent complaints about hemangiomas, however, stem from psychosocial complications: the condition can affect a person's appearance and can provoke attention and malicious reactions from others. Particular problems occur if the lip or nose is involved, as distortion can be difficult to treat surgically.
Children with large Segmental Hemangiomas of the head and neck can be associated with a disorder called PHACES Syndrome.[7][8]
[edit] Treatment
Most hemangiomas disappear without treatment, leaving minimal or no visible marks. Large hemangiomas can leave visible skin changes secondary to severe stretching of the skin or damage to surface texture. When hemangiomas interfere with vision, breathing, or threaten significant cosmetic injury, they are usually treated.
The mainstay of treatment is oral corticosteroid therapy. Other drugs such as interferon[9] or vincristine are sometimes considered if the corticosteroids do not work. If this fails, surgical removal often becomes necessary. Blockage of the airway will often require a tracheostomy to be performed (insertion of an external airway through the front of the neck into the trachea below the level of the obstruction). Smaller raised lesions are sometimes treated with injection of corticosteroid directly into the lesion. Pulsed dye laser can be useful for very early flat superficial lesions if they appear in cosmetically significant areas or for those lesions that leave residual surface blood vessels in the case of incomplete resolution. Unfortunately raised lesions or lesions under the skin do not respond to laser.
Beta-blocker using agents such as propranolol is a new emerging form of therapy producing some impressive responses. Recent evidence (June 2008) suggests that propranolol can be used to treat severe hemangiomas[10]. This treatment may prove superior to corticosteroids, as propranolol has far less side effects. If the initial impressions are confirmed it may become the mainstream therapy of the future.
Ulceration will usually heal with topical medication and special dressings under medical supervision. Sometimes pulsed dye laser can be used to accelerate healing.
There is also a rare effect of Hemangioma which can cause more serious complications.
[edit] Prognosis
Hemangiomas go through three stages of development and decay:
- In the proliferation stage, a hemangioma grows very quickly. This stage can last up to twelve months.
- In the rest stage, there is very little change in a hemangioma's appearance. This usually lasts until the infant is one to two years old.
- In the involution phase, a hemangioma finally begins to diminish in size. Fifty percent of lesions will have disappeared by age five with the vast majority gone by puberty.
[edit] Historical Cases
One of the burials of the Arras Culture in prehistoric Britain, "Wetang Woman" displayed skeletal evidence of a considerable haemangioma on her face. The incredibly rich burial has been interpreted as a sign she was respected in her community, and not feared or reviled due to her facial haemangioma.
In Lisbon, Jose is a notorious celebrity. Children often burst into tears at this sight of his face. The 12-pound tumor continues to spread and doctors fear it may suffocate him. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1571360/Fighting-the-curse-of-the-face-eating-tumour.html
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, Baselga E, et al. (September 2006). "Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas: clinical characteristics predicting complications and treatment". Pediatrics 118 (3): 882–7. doi:. PMID 16950977. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16950977.
- ^ Mulliken JB, Glowacki J (March 1982). "Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics". Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 69 (3): 412–22. PMID 7063565.
- ^ Kleinman ME, Greives MR, Churgin SS, et al. (December 2007). "Hypoxia-induced mediators of stem/progenitor cell trafficking are increased in children with hemangioma". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27 (12): 2664–70. doi:. PMID 17872454. http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/12/2664.
- ^ Barnés CM, Huang S, Kaipainen A, et al. (December 2005). "Evidence by molecular profiling for a placental origin of infantile hemangioma". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (52): 19097–102. doi:. PMID 16365311.
- ^ North PE, Waner M, Brodsky MC (April 2002). "Are infantile hemangiomas of placental origin?". Ophthalmology 109 (4): 633–4. doi:. PMID 11949625. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161-6420(02)01071-0.
- ^ Pittman KM, Losken HW, Kleinman ME, et al. (November 2006). "No evidence for maternal-fetal microchimerism in infantile hemangioma: a molecular genetic investigation". J. Invest. Dermatol. 126 (11): 2533–8. doi:. PMID 16902414. http://www.nature.com/jid/journal/v126/n11/abs/5700516a.html.
- ^ Oza VS, Wang E, Berenstein A, et al. (April 2008). "PHACES association: a neuroradiologic review of 17 patients". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29 (4): 807–13. doi:. PMID 18223093. http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18223093.
- ^ Heyer GL, Dowling MM, Licht DJ, et al. (February 2008). "The cerebral vasculopathy of PHACES syndrome". Stroke 39 (2): 308–16. doi:. PMID 18174492. http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18174492.
- ^ Wilson MW, Hoehn ME, Haik BG, Rieman M, Reiss U (May 2007). "Low-dose cyclophosphamide and interferon alfa 2a for the treatment of capillary hemangioma of the orbit". Ophthalmology 114 (5): 1007–11. doi:. PMID 17337066. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161-6420(06)01612-5.
- ^ Léauté-Labrèze C et al. (June 2008). "Propranolol for Severe Hemangiomas of Infancy". New England Journal of Medicine 358 (24): 2649–2651. doi:. PMID 18550886. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/358/24/2649.
[edit] External links
- Hemangioma - Children's Hospital Boston
- National Organization of Vascular Anomalies NOVA
- Humpath #1990 (Pathology images) at humpath.com
- MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Hemangioma
- Frequently Asked Questions at drgreene.com
- Hepatic Hemangioma at medicinenet.com
- Hemangioma International Treatment Center at hemangiomatreatment.com
- Haemangiomas of infancy at rch.org.au
- [1] at phacesassociationfamilies.com
- Liver Hemangioma at USUHS - MedPix
- Hemangioma Awareness
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