Hiberno-Normans
The Hiberno-Normans are those Norman lords who settled in Ireland who admitted little if any real fealty to the Anglo-Norman settlers in England,[1] and who soon began to interact and intermarry with the Gaelic nobility of Ireland. The term embraces both their origins as a distinct community with their own dialect of Norman-French (Hiberno-English) and their development in Ireland. From 1169 until their eclipse in the early seventeenth century following the Tudor conquest of Ireland, the community underwent a process whereby they became Hiberniores Ipsis Hibernis. The prefix "Hiberno" means "relating to Ireland or the Irish", from Hibernia. The Clan Burke, FitzGeralds, Butlers and de Berminghams are notable famililies among them. ("Fitz" is a particularly Hiberno-Norman prefix, meaning 'son of', cf. modern French "fils de" with the same meaning).
By the late 16th century, the Hiberno-Normans began to be referred to as the Old English. In the Irish language, they were known as the gaill or "foreigners". Englishmen born in England however were called Sasanaigh or "Saxons", and there was a very strong distinction made between Gaill and Sasanaigh in the Irish annals, with the former being referred to variously as Fionnghaill or Dubhghaill depending upon how much the poet wished to flatter his patron.[2]
[edit] Hiberno-Norman Surnames
- Barrett
- Burke, also the variant Bourke
- D'Arcy, also the variant De Arcy
- De Barry
- de Burgh
- de Clare
- Condon, from de Caunteton[citation needed]
- de Lacy
- Devereaux
- Fanning
- FitzDermot
- Fitzgerald
- Fitzhenry, also the variant Fitzharris
- Fitzmaurice, also the variant Fitzmorris
- FitzPatrick
- Fitzralph
- Fitzrichard
- FitzRoy
- Fitzsimons/Fitzsimon
- Fitzstephen
- Fitzwilliam
- Lambart (There is a possible kinship between the Lambarts and Lamberts)
- Lambert, also the variant Lamport. Most notably John Lambert of Creg Clare
- Martyn, also the variant Martin
- Plunkett
- Power[citation needed]
- Prendergast[citation needed]
- Preston[citation needed]
- Redmond
- de Tiúit/Tuite
- Sinnott[citation needed]
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
[edit] See also
- Later Medieval Ireland (1185 to 1284)
- Tribes of Galway
- Anglo-Norman
- Cambro-Norman
- Insular French
- Irish nobility, which distinguishes three groups of Irish nobility (one of which this article addresses)
- Italo-Norman
- Norman Ireland
- Scoto-Norman
[edit] References
- ^ See, for instance, Robert Dudley-Edwards, Ireland in the Age of the Tudors: The Destruction of Hiberno-Norman Civilization (1977); Gearóid Mac Niocaill The Red Book of the Earls of Kildare (1966);Edward MacLysaght, Guide to Irish Surnames (1965), passim; Lists of Hiberno-Norman French texts (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/frlist.html & http://www.ucc.ie/celt/hibfrbib.html)
- ^ See Art Cosgrove, 'Hiberniores Ipsis Hibernis', Late Medieval Ireland 1370-1541 (Dublin, 1981) for a discussion of the differences between 'Gaill', 'Gaedhil' and 'Saxain' in late medieval Irish identity. Fionnghaill, fair-haired foreigners, were of Norwegian descent; Dubhghaill, dark-haired foreigners, were of Danish descent. The former had longer roots in Ireland and thus was, as Brendan Bradshaw demonstrated, used as a greater compliment. Normans were, of course, originally 'men of the North' i.e. from Scandinavia. See CELT (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/publishd.html) for English translations of these distinctions made in all the principal late medieval Irish annals.
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