Equine influenza
| Influenza (Flu) |
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| Types |
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| Vaccines |
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| Pandemics |
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Equine influenza (horse flu) is the disease caused by strains of influenza A that are enzootic in horse species. Equine influenza occurs globally, and is caused by two main strains of virus: equine-1 (H7N7) and equine-2 (H3N8).[citation needed] The disease has a nearly 100% infection rate in an unvaccinated horse population with no prior exposure to the virus.[citation needed]
While equine influenza is historically not known to affect humans, the impact of an outbreak would have been devastating. Since people heavily relied upon horses for communication (postal service), military (cavalry) and general transport, the social and economic impact of widespread equine disease would have been devastating. In modern times, though, the ramifications of equine influenza are most clear in the modern horse racing industry.
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[edit] Characteristics
Equine influenza is characterized by a very high rate of transmission among horses, and has a relatively short incubation time of one to five days.[citation needed]
Horses with horse flu can run a fever, have a dry, hacking cough, have a runny nose, and become depressed and reluctant to eat or drink for several days, but they usually recover in two to three weeks.[1]
An 1872 report on equine influenza describes the disease as:
"An epizootic specific fever of a very debilitating type, with inflammation of the respiratory mucous membrane, and less frequently of other organs, having an average duration of ten to fifteen days, and not conferring immunity from a second attack in subsequent epizootics."
— James Law, Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1872[2]
[edit] Causes
Equine influenza is caused by several strains of the influenza A virus endemic to horses. Viruses that cause equine influenza were first isolated in 1956. The viruses can cross the species barrier to cause an epizootic disease in humans, and recently, in dogs.
The equine-1 virus affects heart muscle,[citation needed] while the equine-2 virus is much more severe and systemic.[citation needed]
The disease is primarily spread between infected horses. Exposure to infected waste materials (urine and manure) in stables leads to rapid spread of the disease.
[edit] History
A comprehensive report describing the disease - compiled in response to the 1872 outbreak of the disease in North America - provided a thorough examination of the history of the disease.[2]
[edit] Early records
The report notes putative cases dating as far back as Hippocrates and Livius. Absyrtus, a Greek veterinarian from 330 CE, described a disease in the horse population having the general characters of influenza, which the report mentions as the earliest clear record of equine influenza in the lower animals.
The report notes the next recorded equine influenza case in 1299, the same year that a catarrhal epidemic affected Europe. Spanish records noted cases in which "The horse carried his head drooping, would eat nothing, ran from the eyes, and there was hurried beating of the flanks. The malady was epidemic, and in that year one thousand horses died."
Prevalence of influenza is found in historic records in the centuries of the Middle Ages, but direct implication of horses is not always clear. Neither are recorded instances of record deaths among horses and other animals clear on the exact cause of death.[2]
[edit] 1872 American outbreak
An epizootic outbreak of equine influenza during 1872 in North America became known as "The Great Epizootic of 1872". The outbreak is known as the "most destructive recorded episode of equine influenza in history".[3] The impact of the outbreak is marked as one of the major contributors to the economic Panic of 1873 in the United States.
The first cases of disease in pasture horses were in the townships of Scarborough, York, and Markham in Ontario, Canada. By October 1, 1872, the first case occurred in Toronto. It took only three days before all the street car horses and major livery stables were affected. By the middle of the month, Montreal, Detroit, and most of the Dominion of Canada and New England reported cases.[2]
By the start of November, Ohio, Massachusetts, and South Carolina were reporting cases. So was Chicago, Illinois. The contagion reached Florida and Louisiana by the end of November and Cuba on December 7. The height of the plague was December 14, when the Mexican government had to supply disease-free horses to the stricken United States.[2] One major factor was that cities were not clean back then, which meant that germs spread much more quickly (especially through contaminated feed and water).
The rate of infected horses approached 100%, and mortality rates ranged between 1% and 10%. Many horses were unable to stand in their stalls. Those that could stand coughed violently and were too weak to pull any loads or support riders.[4]
The street railway industry ground to a halt in late 1872. Every aspect of American transportation was affected. Locomotives came to a halt as coal could not be delivered to power them, while fires in many major cities raged unchecked. One fire in Boston destroyed over 700 buildings (November 9-10 of that year). Indeed, many a fireman just stood there helpless and horror-stricken, for lack of any equipment with which to work. Even the United States Army Cavalry was reduced to fighting on foot against the Apaches (as the plague had swept not only south to Mexico and Cuba, but also west to the Pacific Ocean within two months), who likewise found their mounts too sick to do battle. The outbreak forced men to pull wagons by hand; while trains and ships full of cargo sat unloaded (perishables, such as milk, often became spoiled), tram cars stood idle and deliveries of basic community essentials (including food and clothing) were no longer being made. The Long Riders' Guild Academic Foundation founder CuChullaine O'Reilly said, "The Great Epizootic was the worst equestrian catastrophe in the history of the United States - and perhaps the world."[4]
The Great Epizootic of 1872 was also a contributor to the Panic of 1873, which lasted six years; hence, it would be about seven years total before things were restored to normal operation.
[edit] 2007 Australian outbreak
Australia had remained free of equine influenza until an outbreak in August 2007. While the virus was successfully contained and Australia has returned to its equine influenza-free status, the outbreak had significant effects on the country's horse racing industry.
[edit] Prevention
Prevention of equine influenza outbreaks are maintained through vaccines and hygiene procedures.[citation needed] Countries that are equine influenza-free will normally impose strict and rigorous quarantine measures.[citation needed]
[edit] Vaccines
Vaccines (ATCvet codes: QI05AA01 inactivated, QI05AD02 live, plus various combinations) are a major defense against the disease. Vaccination schedules generally require a primary course of vaccines, followed by booster shots. Standard schedules may not maintain absolutely foolproof levels of protection, and more frequent administration is advised in high-risk situations.[5]
The UK requires horses participating in show events be vaccinated against equine flu, and a vaccination card must be produced; the FEI requires vaccination every six months.[6] [7]
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources and notes
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008) |
- ^ University of Sydney RIRDC equine research and development website
- ^ a b c d e Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1872
- ^ Running Like Wildfire - A Study of the most destructive recorded episode of equine influenza in history.
- ^ a b How equine flu brought the US to a standstill
- ^ equiflunet_vaccines
- ^ UAE Equestrian & Racing Federation
- ^ FEI guidelines
[edit] External links
- EI Vaccination Debate - Australia equinetrader.co.nz
- COntrolling Equine Influenza - Japan equinetrader.co.nz
- Great Epizootic of 1872 equinetrader.co.nz
- Caring for a horse with equine influenza Horsetalk.co.nz (NZ)
- Equine flu resources: Q&A, latest news, contacts Horsetalk.co.nz (NZ)
- Veterinary Record
- Equine Quarterly Disease Surveillance Reports
- Horse Flu
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