Hudson Soft HuC6280

The HuC6280 8-bit microprocessor is Japanese company Hudson Soft's improved version of the WDC 65C02 CPU. The most notable product using the HuC6280 is NEC's TurboGrafx 16 video game console.

Description

The HuC6280 contains a 65C02 core which has several additional instructions and a few internal peripheral functions such as an interrupt controller, a Memory management unit, a timer, an 8-bit parallel I/O port, and a Programmable Sound Generator. The processor operates at three speeds, 1.78 MHz, 3.58 MHz (the speed that most HuCard games run at to avoid overheating the system as the Japanese version of the system was smaller then it's North American counterpart) and 7.16 MHz.

Memory mapping

The HuC6280 has a 64 KB logical address space and a 2 MB physical address space. To access this entire memory space, the HuC6280 uses an MMU (Memory Management Unit) that splits the memory space into segments of 8 KB. The logical address space is split as follows:

           page 0 -> $0000-$1FFF
           page 1 -> $2000-$3FFF
           page 2 -> $4000-$5FFF
           page 3 -> $6000-$7FFF
           page 4 -> $8000-$9FFF
           page 5 -> $A000-$BFFF
           page 6 -> $C000-$DFFF
           page 7 -> $E000-$FFFF

Each logical 8 KB segment (or page) is associated with an 8-bit register (MPR0-7) that contains the index of the 8 KB segment (or bank) in physical memory to map in this page. Two special instructions are used to access these registers:

TAMi, transfer the content of the accumulator (A) into an MPR register (0-7).

TMAi, transfer an MPR register into the accumulator.

HuC6280's PSG

The PSG provides 6 sound channels, which can be conveniently paired according to the functionality they provide:

       0-1 - Waveform playback
             Frequency modulation (channel 1 muted)
       2-3 - Waveform playback only
       4-5 - Waveform playback
             White noise generation

Waveform playback is the most common and allows a 32 byte, 5 bit unsigned linear sample to be played back at selected frequencies. Frequency modulation takes this one step further, allowing the playback frequency to be dynamically adjusted according to a specified pattern. White noise is used to simulate percussion instruments and effects, such as explosions, by means of a pseudo-random square wave.

Alternatively, each channel can be individually switched to "Direct D/A" mode in which the programmer can send data directly to the sound mixer, allowing more complex sound patterns to be generated, such as speech. Inevitably, this requires more programming effort and CPU time.

External links

• http://shu.emuunlim.com/download/pcedocs/pce_cpu.html
• http://www.magicengine.com/mkit/
• http://www.interlog.com/~daves/pce_info/info.html