Hydrotherapy

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Hydrotherapy, formerly called hydropathy involves the use of water for pain-relief and treating illness.

It involves a range of methods and techniques, many of which use water as a medium to faciltate thermoregulatory reactions for therapeutic benefit. While the physiological mechanisms were initially poorly understood, the therapuetic benefits have long been recognised, even if the reason for the therapeutic benefit was in dispute. For example, in November 1881, the British Medical Journal noted that hydropathy was a specific instance, or "particular case", of general principles of thermodynamics. That is, "the application of heat and cold in general", as it applies to physiology, mediated by hydropathy.^[1] In 1883, another writer stated "Not, be it observed, that hydropathy is a water treatment after all, but that water is the medium for the application of heat and cold to the body".^[2]

With improved knowledge of physiological mechanisms, practitioners wrote specifically of the use of hot and cold applications to produce "profound reflex effects", including vasodilation and vasoconstriction,^[3] causing changes in blood flow and associated metabolic functions, via physiological mechanisms that are these days fairly well understood, and which underpin the contemporary use of hydrotherapy.^[4][5]

The therapeutic use has been recorded in ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman civilizations. Egyptian royalty bathed with essential oils and flowers, while Romans had communal public baths for their citizens. Hippocrates prescribed bathing in spring water for sickness. In the 19th century, a popular revival followed the application of hydrotherapy around 1829, by Vincent Priessnitz, a peasant farmer in Gräfenberg, then part of the Austrian Empire.^[6][7] This revival was continued by a Bavarian priest, Sebastian Kneipp, "an able and enthusiastic follower" of Priessnitz, "whose work he took up where Priessnitz left it",^[8] after he came across a treatise on the cold water cure.^[9][10] Kneipp's own book My Water Cure was published in 1886 with many subsequent editions, and translated into many languages.

The use of water to treat rheumatic diseases has a long history. It continues to be used as an adjunct to therapy, including in nursing, where its use is now long established.^[5][11][12] It is used to treat musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or spinal cord injuries and in patients suffering burns, spasticity, stroke or paralysis. It is also used to treat orthopedic and neurological conditions in dogs and horses and to improve fitness.

According to the International SPA Association (ISPA), hydrotherapy has long been a staple in European spas. It's the generic term for water therapies using jets, underwater massage and mineral baths (e.g. balneotherapy, Iodine-Grine therapy, Kneipp treatments, Scotch hose, Swiss shower, thalassotherapy) and others. It also can mean a whirlpool bath, hot Roman pool, hot tub, Jacuzzi, cold plunge and mineral bath. These treatments use physical water properties, such as temperature and pressure, for therapeutic purposes, to stimulate blood circulation and treat the symptoms of certain diseases.

Contents 1 Historical background 1.1 Cold water bathing and drinking 1.2 The use of heat 2 Effects of modern medicine 3 Submersive hydrotherapy 4 Hydropathic establishment 4.1 Examples of Hydropathic Establishments 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading

[edit] Historical background

Hydrotherapy in general dates back to ancient cultures from China, Japan (onsen), and most recently to the Roman thermae. After an oblivion during the Middle Ages, hydrotherapy was rediscovered during the 18th and 19th centuries by J.S.Hahn (1696–1773), MD, Vincent Priessnitz, Oertel (1764–1850), and Rausse (1805–1848). In Woerrishofen (south Germany) Sebastian Kneipp developed the systematic and controlled application of hydrotherapy for the support of medical treatment that was delivered only by doctors at that time.

[edit] Cold water bathing and drinking

Hydrotherapy as a formal medical tool dates from about 1829 when Vincent Priessnitz (1799-1851), a farmer of Gräfenberg in Silesia, then part of the Austrian Empire, began his public career in the paternal homestead, extended so as to accommodate the increasing numbers attracted by the fame of his cures.

Two English works, however, on the medical uses of water had been translated into German in the century preceding the rise of the movement under Priessnitz. One of these was by Sir John Floyer, a physician of Lichfield, who, struck by the remedial use of certain springs by the neighboring peasantry, investigated the history of cold bathing and published a book the subject in 1702.^[13] The book ran through six editions within a few years and the translation was largely drawn upon by Dr J. S. Hahn of Silesia in a work published in 1738.^[14]

The other work was a 1797 publication by Dr James Currie of Liverpool on the use of hot and cold water in the treatment of fever and other illness, with a fourth edition published in 1805, not long before his death.^[15] It was also translated into German by Michaelis (1801) and Hegewisch (1807). It was highly popular and first placed the subject on a scientific basis. Hahn's writings had meanwhile created much enthusiasm among his countrymen, societies having been everywhere formed to promote the medicinal and dietetic use of water; and in 1804 Professor Ortel of Ansbach republished them and quickened the popular movement by unqualified commendation of water drinking as a remedy for all diseases. In him the rising Priessnitz found a zealous advocate, and doubtless an instructor also.

At Gräfenberg, to which the fame of Priessnitz drew people of every rank and many countries, medical men were conspicuous by their numbers, some being attracted by curiosity, others by the desire of knowledge, but the majority by the hope of cure for ailments which had as yet proved incurable. Many records of experiences at Gräfenberg were published, all more or less favorable to the claims of Priessnitz, and some enthusiastic in their estimate of his genius and penetration; Captain R.T. Claridge introduced hydropathy into England in the early 1840's,^[6] his writings and lectures, and later those of Sir William James Erasmus Wilson (1809–1884),^[16] James Manby Gully and Edward Johnson, making numerous converts, and filling the establishments opened soon after at Islalvern and elsewhere.

In Germany, France and America, and in Malvern England where Wilson and Gully set up their clinics using Malvern Water, hydropathic establishments multiplied with great rapidity. Antagonism ran high between the old practice and the new. Unsparing condemnation was heaped by each on the other; and a legal prosecution, leading to a royal commission of inquiry, served but to make Priessnitz and his system stand higher in public estimation.

Increasing popularity soon diminished caution whether the new method would help minor ailments and be of benefit to the more seriously injured. Hydropathists occupied themselves mainly with studying chronic invalids well able to bear a rigorous regimen and the severities of unrestricted crisis. The need of a radical adaptation to the former class was first adequately recognized by John Smedley, a manufacturer of Derbyshire, who, impressed in his own person with the severities as well as the benefits of the cold water cure, practised among his workpeople a milder form of hydropathy, and began about 1852 a new era in its history, founding at Matlock a counterpart of the establishment at Gräfenberg.

Ernst Brand (1826–1897) of Berlin, Raljen and Theodor von Jürgensen of Kiel, and Karl Liebermeister of Basel, between 1860 and 1870, employed the cooling bath in abdominal typhus with striking results, and led to its introduction to England by Dr Wilson Fox. In the Franco-German War the cooling bath was largely employed, in conjunction frequently with quinine; and it was used in the treatment of hyperpyrexia.

[edit] The use of heat

The Turkish bath, introduced by David Urquhart into England on his return from the East, and ardently adopted by Richard Barter, became a public institution, and, with the morning tub and the general practice of water drinking, is the most noteworthy of the many contributions by hydropathy to public health.

Until around 1840, hydropathy was not common in the United States although it was popular in Europe in the 19th century. But in "Nature's Cures", Michael Castleman wrote that hundreds of 'water-cures' were located on the countryside during the Civil War.^[17]

[edit] Effects of modern medicine

Modern medicine's successes, particularly with drug therapy, removed or replaced many water-related therapies during the mid-20th century. Water is now used mostly in physical therapy, as a cleansing agent, and a medium for delivery of heat and cold to the body.

Various forms of hydrotherapy were used to treat alcoholism before World War II^{[18][19][20][21][22]} and is used today in alternative medicine.^[23] For instance, the basic text of the Alcoholics Anonymous fellowship, Alcoholics Anonymous, reports that A.A. co-founder Bill Wilson was treated by hydrotherapy for his alcoholism in the early 1930s.^[24]

The appliances and arrangements by means of which heat and cold are brought to bear are (a) packings, hot and cold, general and local, sweating and cooling; (b) hot air and steam baths; (c) general baths, of hot water and cold; (d) sitz (sitting), spinal, head and foot baths; (e) bandages (or compresses), wet and dry; also (f) fomentations and poultices, hot and cold, sinapisms, stupes, rubbings and water potations, hot and cold.

[edit] Submersive hydrotherapy

Hydrotherapy which involves submerging all or part of the body in water can involve several types of equipment:

• Full body immersion tanks (a "Hubbard tank" is a large size)
• Arm, hip, and leg whirlpool

Whirling water movement, provided by mechanical pumps, has been used in water tanks since at least the 1940s. Similar technologies have been marketed for recreational use under the terms "hot tub" or "spa".

[edit] Hydropathic establishment

A hydropathic establishment is a place where people receive hydropathic treatment. They are commonly built in spa towns, where mineral-rich or hot water occurs naturally.

Several hydropathic institutions wholly transferred their operations away from therapeutic purposes to become tourist hotels in the late twentieth century whilst retaining the name 'Hydro'. There are several prominent examples in Scotland at Crieff, Peebles and Seamill amongst others.

[edit] Examples of Hydropathic Establishments

• Cluny Hill
• The Rick James Institute

[edit] See also

• balneotherapy or "Bath Therapy"
• Finnish sauna
• Destination spa
• Halliwick
• hot tub
• Sebastian Kneipp
• Spa
• spa bath
• steam shower
• colonic irrigation
• thalassotherapy
• Thermal bath
• water therapy
• Mineral spring

[edit] References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

[edit] Further reading

• Landewé, Rb; Peeters, R; Verreussel, Rl; Masek, Ba; Goei, The, Hs (Jan 1992). "No difference in effectiveness measured between treatment in a thermal bath and in an exercise bath in patients with rheumatoid arthritis" (Free full text). Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde 136 (4): 173–6. ISSN 0028-2162. PMID 1736128. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/jointdisorders.html. 
• Grüber, C; Riesberg, A; Mansmann, U; Knipschild, P; Wahn, U; Bühring, M (Mar 2003). "The effect of hydrotherapy on the incidence of common cold episodes in children: a randomised clinical trial". European journal of pediatrics 162 (3): 168–76. doi:10.1007/s00431-002-1138-y. PMID 12655421.