I. F. Stone

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I. F. Stone

Stone in April of 1972
Born Isidor Feinstein
December 24, 1907(1907-12-24)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Died June 18, 1989 (aged 81)
Boston, Massachusetts
Occupation Investigative journalist
Spouse(s) Esther Roisman
Website
http://www.ifstone.org

Isidor Feinstein Stone (December 24, 1907 – June 18, 1989; born Isidor Feinstein, better known as I. F. Stone and Izzy Stone) was an iconoclastic American investigative journalist.[1][2] He is best remembered for his self-published newsletter, I. F. Stone's Weekly. At its peak in the 1960s, the Weekly had a circulation of about 70,000,[3] yet it was regarded as very influential. In fact, The Weekly was ranked 16th in a poll of his fellow journalists of "The Top 100 Works of Journalism in the United States in the 20th Century".[4]

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early years

Stone was born Isidor Feinstein in Philadelphia. His parents were Russian Jewish immigrants who owned a store in Haddonfield, New Jersey. His sister is journalist and film critic Judy Stone.[5] He studied philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, and as a student he wrote for The Philadelphia Inquirer.[2]

Stone attended Haddonfield Memorial High School, where he ultimately graduated ranked 49th in his class of 52.[6] He started his own newspaper, the Progress, as a high school sophomore. He later worked for the Haddonfield Press and the Camden Courier-Post. After dropping out of the University of Pennsylvania, he joined the The Philadelphia Inquirer.[2] Influenced by the work of Jack London, he became a radical journalist. In the 1930s, he played an active role in the Popular Front opposition to Adolf Hitler.

[edit] Marriage

In 1929, he married Esther Roisman, who later served as his assistant at I.F. Stone's Weekly.[2] They remained married until his death and had three children: Celia (m. Gilbert), Jeremy, and Christopher.

[edit] New York Post

Stone moved to the New York Post in 1933 and during this period supported Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal. His first book, The Court Disposes (1937), was a critique of the Court's role in blocking New Deal reforms. On the advice of an editor that his political writings would be better received if he were not perceived as Jewish, he changed his name to I. F. Stone in 1937. He would later recall he "still felt badly" about the change, and referred to himself as "Izzy" throughout his career.[7]

[edit] The Nation

After leaving the New York Post in 1939, Stone became associate editor and then Washington editor of The Nation.[2] His next book, Business as Unusual (1941), was an attack on the country's failure to prepare for war.

Stone's exposé of the FBI for the Nation during the war caused a sensation and deeply embarrassed J. Edgar Hoover, when Stone revealed the the bigotry of the questions the FBI asked to ferret out subversives from the civil service: "Does he mix with Negroes? Does he...have too many Jewish friends? Does he think the colored races are as good as the white? Why do you suppose he has hired so many Jews?." And, hilariously given the time, when Vichy France was a Nazi puppet regime, "Is he always criticizing Vichy France?" In Izzy's column he noted "questions like these are being used as a sieve to strain anti-fascists and liberals out of the government. They serve no other purpose."[8] Many readers wrote in to thank the magazine for running the article, but the Nation was criticized for allowing Stone to conceal the identity of his sources. In 1946, the Nation's editor Freda Kirchwey fired Stone when she found out that he had signed with the progressive New York afternoon newspaper,PM, as a foreign correspondent covering the Jewish underground in Palestine.

[edit] Work for PM

After the end of Second World War Stone traveled to the Near East to report on the efforts of displaced Eastern European Jews to enter Palestine. In the resulting book Underground to Palestine (1948), Stone wrote that the displaced persons made strenuous efforts to reach the Jewish homeland of Israel although it would have been far easier to emigrate to the United States because,

They have been kicked around as Jews and now they want to live as Jews. Over and over I heard it said: "We want to build a Jewish country. ... We are tired of putting our sweat and blood into places where we are not welcome." ... These Jews want the right to live as a people, to build as a people, to make their contribution to the world as a people. Are their national aspirations any less worthy of respect than those of any other oppressed people?[9]

Stone shared the Zionists' aspirations and strongly supported the creation of the State of Israel before it was recognized by the government of the United States. Like other moderate Zionists, including the distinguished diplomat and later Israeli Minister Abba Eban, Stone also supported a bi-national state in which Jews and Palestinians could live together. As the years passed, however, Stone the gadfly become increasingly sympathetic to the Palestinians' plight,[2] attracting Eban's displeasure. Fellow gadfly, Noam Chomsky claimed in a 2009 interview that Eban had disparaged both himself and Stone as "neurotic self-hating Jews".[10]

According to D.D. Guttenplan, Stone

stopped going to Israel in 1950, because the State Department wouldn’t give him a passport. But as soon as he got his passport back, in part because of a legal victory by his brother-in-law Leonard Boudin . . . who kept the State Department from taking away your passport for political reasons, [and] who established the right to travel, Stone got his passport back and went to Israel again in ’56, before the Suez War. And he wrote two things. He wrote, “Israel is a transformed country. What was once a struggling country is now a thriving country. Economically, it’s booming. It will win—it’s prepared for war and will win, you know, the next war, or the next war after that, militarily.” He said, “But there will be wars and wars and wars until Israel comes to terms with the Palestinians.” He wrote in 1956, “The road to peace lies through the Palestinian refugee camp.”[11]

PM went under in 1948 and was replaced first by the New York Star and then the Daily Compass until it ceased publication in 1952. A critic of the emerging Cold War, Stone published the Hidden History of the Korean War that same year.[2] The book suggested that South Korea initiated hostilities with unprovoked cross-border attacks and was highly critical of U.S. policies under John Forster Dulles, General MacArthur, and Korean dictator [[Syngman Rhee]. Stone wrote:

I believe I have succeeded in throwing new light on its origins, on the operations of MacArthur and Dulles, on the weaknesses of Truman and Acheson, on the way the Chinese were provoked to intervene, and on the way the truce talks have been dragged out and the issues muddied by American military men hostile from the first to negotiations. I have tried to bring as much of the hidden story to light as I could in order to put the people of the United States and the United Nations on guard.

[edit] I. F. Stone's Weekly

In the 1930s and 40s Stone had been a mainstream journalist, appearing on Meet the Press (then a radio show); in 1950 he found himself blacklisted and unable to get work.[12] In 1953, inspired by the example of the muckraking journalist George Seldes and his political weekly, In Fact, Stone decided to start his own independent newsletter, I. F. Stone's Weekly. Over the next few years, Stone's newsletter campaigned against McCarthyism and racial discrimination in the United States.

In 1964, using evidence drawn from a close reading and analysis of published accounts, Stone was the only American journalist to challenge President Johnson's account of the Gulf of Tonkin incident. During the 1960s, Stone continued to criticize the Vietnam War. His newsletter enjoyed a circulation of 70,000, and for the first time turned a profit.

Hundreds of articles originally published in the Weekly were later republished in The I.F. Stone's Weekly Reader (1973), and in three volumes of a six-volume compendium of Stone's writings called A Noncomformist History of Our Times (1989).

[edit] Retirement

In 1971 angina pectoris forced Stone to cease publication of the Weekly. After his retirement, he decided to return to the University of Pennsylvania, whence he had dropped out years before and earn his degree in Classical Languages. Stone successfully learned ancient Greek and wrote a book about the prosecution and death of Socrates The Trial of Socrates, in which he argued that Socrates wanted to be sentenced to death in order to shame the Athenian democracy, which he despised.

In 1970 Stone received a Special George Polk Award, and in 1976 he received the Conscience-in-Media Award from the American Society of Journalists and Authors.

Stone died of a heart attack in 1989 in Boston.[2]

[edit] Journalistic style

According to Nation Magazine editor Victor Navasky, Stone's journalistic work drew heavily on obscure documents from the public domain; some of his best scoops were discovered by peering through the voluminous official records generated by the government. Navasky also believes that as an outspoken leftist journalist working in often hostile environments, Stone's stories needed to meet an extremely high burden of proof to be considered credible. Navasky argues that most of Stone's articles are very well sourced, typically with official documents. Navasky described Stone's willingness to "scour and devour public documents, bury himself in The Congressional Record, study obscure Congressional committee hearings, debates and reports, all the time prospecting for news nuggets (which would appear as boxed paragraphs in his paper), contradictions in the official line, examples of bureaucratic and political mendacity, documentation of incursions on civil rights and liberties."[13]

For himself, Stone had this to say about his style of reporting:

"I made no claims to inside stuff. I tried to give information which could be documented, so the reader could check it for himself... Reporters tend to be absorbed by the bureaucracies they cover; they take on the habits, attitudes, and even accents of the military or the diplomatic corps. Should a reporter resist the pressure, there are many ways to get rid of him... But a reporter covering the whole capital on his own — particularly if he is his own employer — is immune from these pressures."

[edit] Legacy

Composer Scott Johnson makes extensive use of Stone's voice taken from a recorded 1981 lecture in his large-scale musical work, How It Happens, completed in 1991 on commission for the Kronos Quartet.

The 2008 Democratic Presidential candidate John Edwards[14] lists Stone's The Trial of Socrates as one his three favorite books.

On March 5, 2008, the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University announced plans to award an annual I.F. Stone Medal for Journalistic Independence and an associated I.F. Stone Workshop on Strengthening Journalistic Independence.[15]

In 2008 The Park Center for Independent Media at the Roy H. Park School of Communications created the Izzy Award, named after Stone. The award goes to "an independent outlet, journalist, or producer for contributions to our culture, politics, or journalism created outside traditional corporate structures" for "special achievement in independent media." [16]

[edit] Publications

[edit] Awards

  • Newspaper Guild of New York Honors Page One Must for "Underground to Palestine" awarded in 1947
  • The Eleanor Roosevelt Award
  • The George Polk Award of Long Island University
  • American Library Association Intellectual Freedom Award
  • John's Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies Award
  • Lifetime Achievement Award from Haddenfield High School (I.F. Stone's high school)
  • A.J. Liebling Award for Journalistic Distinction
  • Columbia University Journalism Award
  • National Press Club Journalists' Journalist Award
  • ACLU Award
  • The First Amendment Defender Award of the Catholic Univ. Law School
  • The Florina Lasker Civil Liberties Award from NY Civil Liberties Union
  • The Le Prix Charles-Leopold of the Mayer Institut de France 11/77
  • The Sidney Hillman Foundation Award
  • The Professional Freedom and Responsibility Award of the Association for Education In Journalism & Mass Communications
  • The ACLU Award

[edit] Allegations of being Soviet agent

[edit] 1992 allegations and their rebuttal

In March 1992, British journalist and writer on religion Andrew Brown quoted a Soviet Embassy attaché, KGB Major General Oleg Kalugin, as saying, "We had an agent — a well-known American journalist — with a good reputation, who severed his ties with us after 1956. I myself convinced him to resume them. But in 1968, after the invasion of Czechoslovakia … he said he would never again take any money from us."[17] In June 1992, Herbert Romerstein, a former investigator for the House Committee on UnAmerican Activities,[18] and Eric Breindel, the late neo-conservative editorial writer for the N.Y. Post, claimed that the unnamed agent was I.F. Stone.

Andrew Brown subsequently conceded that when he had "used the phrase 'an agent' to describe someone who turned out to be I.F. Stone", that he understood the term, “agent” to mean “useful contact,” and that the “take any money” reference simply meant that Stone would not permit a Soviet employee to pick up the check for lunch then, or in the future, as had sometimes been done before. He adds that New York trial lawyer and author Martin Garbus recounted that in September 1992, while at the Moscow Journalists Club, Kalugin had explained to him, "I have no proof that Stone was an agent. I have no proof that Stone ever received any money from the KGB or the Russian government, I never gave Stone any money and was never involved with him as an agent."[19]

Kalugin's testimony also contradicted Romerstein's allegation that Stone was a Soviet "agent" in interviews he gave I.F. Stone's two most recent biographers, historian D.D. Guttenplan (author of Holocaust on Trial) and former Washington Post writer Myra MacPherson (author of the Vietnam War classic, Long Time Passing). Guttenplan reported Kalugin’s denials in articles in the Nation and the New York Post. To Myra MacPherson Kalugin said: “We had no clandestine relationship. We had no secret arrangement. I was the press officer... I never paid him anything. I sometimes bought lunch.”[20]

MacPherson notes, however, that writer Max Holland, an expert on the Kennedy Assassination, persisted in repeating allegations about Stone accepting money from the Soviet Union, even while acknowledging the unreliability of their source (i.e., Oleg Kalugin):

As for the conflicting tales woven by former KGB agent Kalugin about his relationship with Stone from 1966 to 1968, Holland correctly notes that "Kalugin seemed incapable of telling the same story more than once." Still, this did not keep Holland from repeating the damaging and long refuted lie that Herbert Romerstein, former HUAC sleuth, developed after talking with Kalugin, that Moscow Gold subsidized Stone's weekly newspaper. No where is there any evidence that Stone took money for anything except a possible lunch or two. Nor is there any evidence, as Holland points out, that Kalugin was able to plant stories with Stone.[21]

In his own memoir about his years as an undercover KGB man working as a Soviet press attaché in Washington, Oleg Kalugin revealed that he routinely met with many journalists in addition to Stone, including Walter Lippmann, Joseph Kraft, Drew Pearson, Chalmers Robers and Murray Marder of the Washington Post, and others.[22]

According to Kalugin, I. F. Stone followed a practice of having lunch with a Soviet press attaché from time to time, but broke off this luncheon relationship after his first visit to the Soviet Union in 1956 and after hearing Nikita Khrushchev's "Secret Speech" denouncing Stalin and the tyranny of his regime. When Stone returned home from this trip to Russia he wrote in his newsletter: "Whatever the consequences, I have to say what I really feel after seeing the Soviet Union and carefully studying the statements of its leading officials. This is not a good society and it is not led by honest men." (italics in original) Stone's comment that "nothing has happened in Russia to justify cooperation abroad between the independent left and the Communists" cost him several hundred subscribers to the Weekly.[23]

Kalugin states that later he persuaded Stone to lunch with him until after the 1968 Czechoslovakian uprising and subsequent quelling of the revolt when Stone angrily refused to let Kalugin pay for the lunch and stopped lunching with him.

Cassandra Tate of the Columbia Journalism Review writes that the alleged evidence of Stone’s involvement with the KGB is based on a few lines at the end of a KGB officer's speech. She concludes that he was not an "agent" and that there is no evidence he collaborated with KGB.[24]

In a 1992 article in The Nation, D. D. Guttenplan argued that the evidence shows clearly that Stone was never a witting collaborator with Soviet intelligence, while leaving open the question of exactly what the Soviets may have meant by the term "agent of influence."[25]

[edit] VENONA Project decrypts: Agent "BLIN": a question of identity

In July 1995 the National Security Agency released to the public documents relating to the VENONA Project, a US Signals Intelligence effort to collect and decrypt the text of Soviet KGB and GRU telegraph messages from the 1940s. According to the VENONA files, on September 13, 1944, the KGB New York station sent a message to Moscow that Vladimir Pravdin, a NKVD (the predecessor of the KGB) officer working under cover as a correspondent for the Soviet news agency TASS, had been trying to contact a person by codename "BLIN" (the Russian word for pancake) in Washington, but that "BLIN" had been refusing to meet, citing a busy schedule. He reported that Samuel Krafsur, an American NKVD agent code-named "IDE" who worked for TASS in the building that housed Stone’s office, had tried to "sound him out but BLIN did not react." [26]

VENONA transcript 1506, dated October 23, 1944, indicated that Pravdin had by now successfully met with "BLIN". The cable claimed that "BLIN" was "not refusing his aid" but "had three children and did not want to attract the attention of the FBI." "BLIN"'s fear "was his unwillingness to spoil his career," since he "earned $1500.00 per month but...[Pravdin speculated] would not be averse to having a supplemental income."[27]

Walter and Miriam Schneir, in a 1999 Nation article, "Cables Coming in From the Cold," about the Venona materials, remark on the difficulties of interpretation caused by their hearsay nature; the many steps between a conversation and the sending of a cable; language difficulties; the possibility of imperfect decryption; etc., and conclude, "the Venona messages are not like the old TV show You Are There, in which history was re-enacted before our eyes. They are history seen through a glass, darkly."[28]

Nevertheless, in their August 2000 book Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Cold War historians John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr claim with certainty that BLIN was Stone.[29] [30]

Then in late 2000, Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel wrote a book The Venona Secrets, published by Regnery Press, repeating the allegation that BLIN was Stone. As evidence they cited a joking remark that Stone had made in his column of November 11, 1951[citation needed] in response to reports in the NY Herald Tribune about his leftist sympathies, that he would not be surprised if he read in the Herald Tribune "that I was smuggled in from Pinsk in a carton of blintzes". Romerstein and Breindel suggest that Stone's use of the word "blintzes" betrayed a knowledge of his alleeged codename, "BLIN.".[31] According to Stone's biographer, Myra MacPherson, however, the FBI never identified Blin/Pancake as I.F. Stone. Instead they suspected one Ernest K. Lindley, who also had three children.[32] The FBI contended that Blin must have been someone “whose true pro-Soviet sympathies were not known to the public...” and hence could not have been Stone,[32] who, on the contrary, far from being "fearful," did not hide his beliefs. Indeed, rather than wishing to avoid FBI attention as BLIN reportedly did, I.F. Stone made a point of suggesting to the Soviet press attache Oleg Kalugin that they lunch together at Harvey’s, a favorite Hoover haunt, in order to "tweak his [the F.B.I. Director's] nose.”.[32]

[edit] 2009 Klehr, Haynes,and Vassiliev book

In 2009, Klehr and Haynes together with Alexander Vassiliev, a former Russian KBG man turned journalist, published a new book, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. The book was partially financed by the Smith Richardson Foundation, which also hosted a symposium to publicize it in May 2009 at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington.[33] The authors cite a KGB file (allegedly seen by Vassiliev while in Russia) that explicitly named "Isidor Feinstein, a commentator for the New York Post" in the 1930s, as BLIN and indicating that in 1936 BLIN "entered the channel of normal operational work." Another note supposedly listed BLIN as one of the New York KGB Station's agents in late 1938. Klehr, Haynes, and Vassiliev claim that Stone "assisted Soviet intelligence on a number of tasks, ranging from doing some talent spotting, acting as a courier by relaying information to other agents, and providing private journalist tidbits and data the KGB found interesting." Specifically, they state that "Pancake" was supposed to help recruit and support anti-Nazi resistance activity in Berlin, Germany, at this time (1936-38). The authors admit that Stone broke with the KGB after the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939; and they speculate that later Soviet contacts were in the nature of trying to reactivate the previous relationship. They conclude: "The documentary record shows that I.F. Stone consciously cooperated with Soviet intelligence from 1936 through 1938 [the period of the Popular Front]. An effort was made by Soviet intelligence to reestablish that relationship in 1944-45; we do not know whether that effort succeeded. To put it plainly, from 1936 to 1939 I.F. Stone was a Soviet spy",[34]

Jim Naureckas, writing for FAIR [35] counters that Klehr, Haynes, and Vassiliev's allegations, if true, indicate merely that Stone was “just gossiping,” and he assails the authors for their “nefarious” and “tendentious” magnification of “relatively innocuous behavior” on the basis of one anti-Nazi maneuver. As for Stone being listed as an “agent”, Naureckas points out that Walter Lippmann is listed as an agent as well.

Author Max Holland weighs in that, while in his opinion there is no question I.F. Stone was a "fully recruited and witting agent" from 1936 to 1938, Stone "was not a 'spy' in that he did not engage in espionage and had no access to classified material."[36]

Reviewing Spies in the Nation ( May 25, 2009), I.F. Stone's biographer D.D. Guttenplan writes, “Spies never explains why we should believe KGB officers, pushed to justify their existence (and expense accounts) when they claim information comes from an elaborately recruited ‘agent’ rather than merely a source or contact.” He says the authors of Spies distort the report from VENONA 1506 (October 1944) and never prove that BLIN was Stone in 1936. He adds that their charges merely show that Stone “was a good reporter” and notes that when Walter Lippmann is quoted in Spies as having professional contacts with “a Soviet journalist with whom he traded insights and information.” This is the same man (Pravdin) whom Stone is said to have avoided.[37]

The I.F. Stone website responded to these allegations against Stone thus:

There is not the slightest indication of espionage or access to classified information in the scraps of KGB file information cited, so this exaggeration has been deplored by sophisticated observers. Indeed, in the one anecdote described, an anti-fascist maneuver in Berlin, it is not clear whether the Russians were acting on Stone’s suggestion (i.e., as his agent) or whether he was helping them in his consistent, well-known, anti-fascist inclinations in the thirties.[38]

Writing in the American Prospect, Todd Gitlin, Professor of Journalism and Sociology at Columbia University, admonishes: "Haynes and Klehr compile strong cases that scores of Americans committed espionage for the KGB in the 1930s and 1940s. But their detective work would be far more valuable if they resisted the temptation to extrapolate and gloat, and their case against Stone amounts to misplaced, overreaching prosecution."[39]

What does this "meager new material" add to our knowledge of I.F. Stone, asks Myra Macpherson? The answer is:

Not much. We knew he was just short of being a Communist in the thirties and that he worked and talked freely with anyone on the left during the Popular Front. He thought of himself as a fellow traveler, even, he once said, "something of an apologist" and he took far too long to completely acknowledge Stalin's evils. However he was often critical of the USSR and the CPUSA and earned their loathing when he worked as a tireless interventionist, fighting for aid to Britain during the Stalin-Hitler pact when Americans of all stripes opposed such action. (Only 12% in one poll favored aiding Britain.) He supported Tito when Stalin broke with him. He warned America to "not go the way of Russia" during its Witch Hunts.[40]

[edit] References

  1. ^ "I.F. Stone Dies; 'Conscience of Investigative Journalism'". Los Angeles Times. June 19, 1989. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/66478807.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. "[He] published his first newspaper as a New Jersey schoolboy of 14 and proceeded to afflict the comfortable and comfort the afflicted for the rest of his life. He worked for seven newspapers, was Washington correspondent for The Nation magazine and wrote 13 books. Although his politics were well to the left of center, Stone was best known for a conservative-looking four-page paper, I.F. Stone's Weekly, which he published with his wife, Esther, for 18 years." 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Flint, Peter B. (June 19, 1989). "I.F. Stone, Iconoclast of Journalism, Is Dead at 81; His integrity was inspiration and annoyance for decades.". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7D9123BF93AA25755C0A96F948260. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. "I. F. Stone, the independent, radical pamphleteer of American journalism hailed by admirers for scholarship, wit and lucidity and denounced by critics for wrongheadedness and stubbornness, died of a heart attack yesterday in a Boston hospital. He was 81 years old and lived for many years in Washington." 
  3. ^ I.F. Stone Weekly (sic), Spartacus Schoolnet. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  4. ^ Stephens, Mitchell (March 1, 1999). "Journalism's Greatest Hits: Two Lists of a Century's Top Stories". New York Times. p. C1. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/01/business/media-journalism-s-greatest-hits-two-lists-of-a-century-s-top-stories.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FN%2FNews%20and%20News%20Media. Retrieved on 2009-05-27. 
  5. ^ Muckraker, The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 20, 1989. Accessed October 28, 2007. "Born in Philadelphia and raised in Haddonfield, N.J., Mr. Stone worked many years on newspapers in South Jersey, Philadelphia (including a brief period for The Inquirer) and New York..."
  6. ^ Klaidman, Stephen (April 15, 1977). "I. F. Stone Returns to College at 68: Stone Starts A New Career As a Scholar.". Washington Post. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/137577552.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-13. "I. F. Stone, a college dropout turned publisher of an incisive Washington newsletter bearing his name, began his academic career rather inauspiciously. He graduated 49th in a class of 52 from Haddonfield (N.J.) High School." 
  7. ^ Patner, Andrew, I.F. Stone: A Portrait, New York, Pantheon Books, 1988. 13.
  8. ^ [Myra MacPherson, All Governments Lie: p 192-193]
  9. ^ "Underground to Palestine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_to_Palestine. Retrieved on 2009-06-25. 
  10. ^ Voniati, Christiana (February 16, 2009). "Chomsky on Gaza". Countercurrents. http://www.countercurrents.org/voniati160209.htm. Retrieved on 2009-05-27.  Actually, in 1974, Chomsky had quoted Eban as writing "I do not believe that any argument [...] can probably change the convictions of Noam Chomsky or of I.F. Stone, whose basic complex is one of guilt about Jewish survival". Chomsky, Noam (2004). Middle East Illusions: Including Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 130-131. ISBN 9780742529779. 
  11. ^ Transcript from interview with Amy Goodman on Democracy Now, June 19, 2009[1]
  12. ^ According to Guttenplan "They liked him on Meet the Press, the original producer of Meet the Press told me, because he was a good needler. He was very good at getting under the skin of sort of pompous guests." One of the people he needled was Dr. Morris Fishbein, the editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, who accused those supporting national health insurance of being Communists. Stone asked, “Dr. Fishbein, given that President Truman has already spoken out in favor of national health insurance, do you think that that makes him a dangerous communist or just a deluded fellow traveler?” (See transcript of D.D. Guttenplan interview with Amy Goodman on Democracy Now. [2]).
  13. ^ Navasky, Victor, I.F. Stone, The Nation, posted July 2, 2003, July 21, 2003 issue. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
  14. ^ "John Edwards' favorite books". Johnedwards.com. http://johnedwards.com/about/john/. Retrieved on 2009-06-25. 
  15. ^ See nieman.harvard.edu, or the "Release notes". On the same day, ifstone.org went public, containing further information on the Harvard project.
  16. ^ The Izzy Award, Izzy Award Home Page, Park Center for Independent Media. Retrieved 19-03-2009.
  17. ^ Andrew Brown, New The Independent, March 12, 1992
  18. ^ Romerstein has also made allegations against President Barack Obama [3]
  19. ^ Andrew Brown, New York Review of Books, October 8, 1992, “The Attack on I.F. Stone”
  20. ^ MacPherson, Myra, "All Governments Lie," 2006, p. 326
  21. ^ Myra MacPherson Review: Spies: the Rise and Fall of the KGB in America, The Huffington Post, May 28, 2009.
  22. ^ Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate.
  23. ^ Robert C. Cottrell. "Izzy." pp. 189–190.
  24. ^ Tate, Cassandra, Who's out to lunch here? I. F. Stone and the KGB, Columbia Journalism Review, November/December 1992. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
  25. ^ D.D. Guttenplan, "Izzy an Agent?", The Nation, August 3/10, 1992; Romerstein's letter in response and Guttenplan's "Stone Unturned," September 28, 1992. For a more comprehensive critique of Romerstein's limitations see Stephen Schwartz, "A Tale of Two Venonas" in The Nation, January 8, 2001.
  26. ^ Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John; Vassiliev, Alexander (May 2009), "I.F. Stone, Soviet Agent—Case Closed", Commentary (magazine), http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/special-preview—i-f—stone—soviet-agent-case-closed-15120, retrieved on 2009-06-11 
  27. ^ D.D. Guttenplan hss this to say about the files: "VENONA messages are real, albeit problematic: the National Security Agency long resisted releasing the Russian texts, and the English versions in the public domain include a great deal of tendentious annotation, much of it apparently the work of Robert Lamphere, the FBI's liaison to the project. They are also ambiguous--not least about the apparently simple matter of Blin's identity," ("Red Harvest," The Nation, May 6, 2009)
  28. ^ "Cables Coming in From the Cold", The Nation, July 5, 1999 issue.
  29. ^ Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response 1939–1957, Part II: Selected Venona Messages on the website of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. Table of Contents. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
  30. ^ Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John; Vassiliev, Alexander (May 2009), "I.F. Stone, Soviet Agent—Case Closed", Commentary (magazine), http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/special-preview—i-f—stone—soviet-agent-case-closed-15120, retrieved on 2009-05-27 
  31. ^ Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, The Venona Secrets, Regnery Publishing, November 2000, p. 435.
  32. ^ a b c Myra MacPherson. All Governments Lie, (2006).
  33. ^ John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, with translations by Philip Redko and Steven Shabad, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), ISBN 978-0-300-123990-6, pp. 146-53. Besides the ackowledgement to the Smith Richardson Foundation the authors also thank Max Holland and Ron Radosh (among others) for their assistance in writing the book.
  34. ^ "I.F. Stone, Soviet Agent: Case Closed."
  35. ^ "FAIR Blog » Blog Archive » Commentary's Trumped-Up Case Against I.F. Stone". Fair.org. 2009-04-22. http://www.fair.org/blog/2009/04/22/commentarys-trumped-up-case-against-if-stone/. Retrieved on 2009-06-25. 
  36. ^ Max Holland, "Three Tales of I.F Stone and the KGB: Kalugin, Venona and the Notebooks", 2009.
  37. ^ "Red Harvest: The KGB in America". Thenation.com. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090525/guttenplan. Retrieved on 2009-06-25. 
  38. ^ "The Official Website of I.F. Stone". Ifstone.org. http://www.ifstone.org. Retrieved on 2009-06-25. 
  39. ^ "I.F. Stone, Journalist - and Spy? | The American Prospect". Prospect.org. http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=if_stone_journalist_and_spy. Retrieved on 2009-06-25. 
  40. ^ "Myra MacPherson: Review: Spies: the Rise and Fall of the KGB in America and "Three Tales of I.F Stone and the KGB: Kalugin, Venona and the Notebooks"". Huffingtonpost.com. 2009-05-29. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/myra-macpherson/review-ispies-the-rise-an_b_208731.html. Retrieved on 2009-06-25. 

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Biographies

  • Robert C. Cottrell. (1992). Izzy: A Biography of I.F. Stone, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813520088
  • D. D. Guttenplan. 2009. American Radical: The Life and Times of I. F. Stone. Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 978-0374183936
  • Myra MacPherson. (2006). All Governments Lie: The Life and Times of Rebel Journalist I.F. Stone, Scribner. ISBN 1416556796
  • Andrew Patner. (1988). I.F. Stone: A Portrait, Pantheon. ISBN 0385413823

[edit] External links

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