IR-40
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IR-40 also known as Arak Nuclear Complex[1] is an Iranian 40 megawatt (thermal) heavy water reactor near Arak, adjacent to the 1990s era Arak Heavy Water Production Plant.[2] Civil works for the construction began in October 2004.[3] It was initially planned that the reactor would begin nuclear operations in 2014.[4]
History
Iran's leadership decided to construct a natural uranium (i.e. not requiring enrichment to produce fuel) nuclear power plant, using heavy water as moderator and coolant, in the mid-1980s. The reactor design was 90% complete in 2002. By then the existing Tehran Research Reactor, after 35 years operation, was reaching its design safety limits, and had been enveloped by the suburbs of Tehran.[5][6][7]
The reactor was originally going to be constructed at a location in Esfahan, but in 2002 it was decided to build instead at the current location near Arak.[5][8] In August 2006, mixed reports came out about when the reactor would go into operation, one stating that the plant would start up in 2009, while another reported that operation would be postponed until 2011.[6] Reportedly, the Russian firm Nikiet assisted with portions of the design, but stopped in the late 1990s following U.S. pressure.[9]
Press reports indicate that Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visited the reactor in June 2013, on the occasion of the reactor vessel installation which is the final precursor prior to commencement of operation.[10]
Current status
Under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Iran agreed to redesign the IR-40 reactor, with assistance from the P5+1, to minimize its plutonium production and avoid production of weapons-grade plutonium. Iran also agreed to remove the reactor core or calandria and fill it with concrete to render it unusable, and to export all spent fuel within one year of its removal from the reactor.[11] On 14 January 2016, Iran stated that the core of the reactor had been removed and that it would be filled up with concrete.[citation needed] However, in a Channel 4 TV (Iran) interview on January 22, 2019, Ali Akbar Salehi, the head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, claimed that Iran had purchased spares to replace the core, and the pictures of the pouring of concrete into the reactor’s pit were photoshopped. [12]
Role in Iran's nuclear program
Iran states that the reactor will only be used for research and development, medical and industrial isotope production.[6] On June 16, 2010 Iran announced plans to fabricate fuel for the Tehran Research Reactor by September 2011 and to build a new 20 MW reactor for radioisotope production within five years.[13][14]
Aspects of IR-40's design will also serve as a prototype and testbed for the larger 336 megawatt Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant under construction near Ahvaz.[citation needed]
Proliferation concerns
There are some proliferation concerns about the reactor's ability to produce enough plutonium for several nuclear weapons each year. However the IAEA has reported that it found no indication of ongoing reprocessing activities, required to extract plutonium from the spent fuel.[15] In full operation, it is expected that the reactor will produce from 10 kilograms (22 lb) to 12 kilograms (26 lb) of plutonium a year within its spent nuclear fuel.
Natural-uranium fueled heavy-water reactors were originally designed for producing weapons-grade plutonium usable for construction of nuclear weapons. Analysis suggests that Iran could extract 8–10 kilograms of high purity Pu-239[16] annually from fuel irradiated in IR-40. This, according to the IAEA, is sufficient weapons-grade material to produce 1 to 2 nuclear weapons annually.[17] In August 2009 the IAEA was granted access to IR-40 and was able to carry out Design Information Verification, where the IAEA confirmed that the facility "at its current stage of construction conforms to the design information provided by Iran as of January 24, 2007."[18]
As a result of concerns that this plutonium would support weapons development, former IAEA Deputy Director-General for Safeguards, Olli Heinonen, proposed a reactor redesign to a reactor using slightly enriched uranium fuel rather than natural uranium.[19] Use of enriched uranium fuel combined with extended operations would reduce the reactor's ability to produce weapons-grade plutonium.[17]
Iran has indicated they do not intend to reprocess IR-40 spent fuel to recover weapons-grade plutonium, nor operate under a low burnup regime that could produce weapons-grade plutonium.[20] Originally a hot cell facility at the Arak site was planned, described as capable of handling irradiated fuel and targets (such as targets for production of medical radioisotopes) from the IR-40, but in 2004 plans for hot cells at Arak were removed.[21] However some proliferation experts have expressed concern that once sufficient fuel has been irradiated Iran may modify this facility or build a separate reprocessing facility to recover weapons-grade plutonium.[20][22]
Notes
- ^ "Arak Nuclear Complex". The Nuclear Threat Initiative. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
- ^ Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran GOV/2008/59, 19 November 2008.
- ^ Samore, Gary (2005). Iran's Strategic Weapons Programmes: A Net Assessment. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 9781136776731. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ "Iran installs reactor vessel at heavy water site". 9 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
- ^ a b Great Britain Foreign and Commonwealth Office (2005). Iran's Nuclear Programme: A Collection of Documents. London: The Stationery Office. ISBN 9780101644327. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ a b c Alexander (147)
- ^ "Research Reactor Details - TRR". International Atomic Energy Agency. 1998-10-01. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ Alexander (146)
- ^ "Institute for Science and International Security".
- ^ "Ahmadinejad visits Iran heavy water reactor site". Yahoo. Associated Press. June 9, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
- ^ The Plutonium Pathway: Arak Heavy Water Reactor and Reprocessing, Institute for Science and International Security, July 21, 2015.
- ^ https://www.memri.org/tv/iranian-atomic-energy-chief-ali-akbar-salehi-secret-purchase-nuclear-tubes-jcpoa-destroy-yellowcake-propulsion-arak-reactor Middle Media Research Institute
- ^ http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/iran-plans-more-powerful-549480.html [dead link]
- ^ "AFP: Iran to build 'powerful' new nuclear reactor". www.google.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-19.
- ^ GOV/2008/38, September 15, 2008, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran
- ^ Weapons-grade plutonium is at least 93% Pu-239.
- ^ a b Willig, Thomas Mo (14 December 2011). "Feasibility and benefits of converting the Iranian heavy water reactor IR-40 to a more proliferation-resistant reactor" (PDF). masteroppgåva. Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB). Retrieved 2013-06-09.
- ^ [1], August 28, 2009, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and the Relevant Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran
- ^ "Can the Nuclear Talks With Iran Be Saved?". Foreign Policy. 24 June 2011. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
- ^ a b "Arak reactor cannot make plutonium for bomb: Iran". AFP. 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
- ^ "Nuclear Sites - Arak Complex". ISIS. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- ^ "Update on the Arak Reactor in Iran" (PDF). Institute for Science and International Security. August 25, 2009. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
References
- Boureston, Jack; Charles Mahaffey; Yana Feldman; Charles Ferguson (November 2003). "IRAN'S IR-40 REACTOR: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT". Iran Watch. Archived from the original (Web page) on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- Barnaby, Frank (February 2006). "Iran's Nuclear Activities" (PDF). Oxford Research Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and Relevant Provisions of Security Council Resolutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). IAEA. 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- Alexander, Yonah; Milton M Hoenig (2008). The New Iranian Leadership Ahmadinejad, Terrorism, Nuclear Ambition, and the Middle East. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-275-99640-6.
- "ISIS NuclearIran > Nuclear Sites > Facilities > Arak IR-40 Heavy Water Reactor". ISIS NuclearIran. Archived from the original on 2009-04-24. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- "NTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Nuclear Facilities". NTI. January 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
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