Iloprost

Iloprost

Systematic (IUPAC) name
5-{(E)-(1S,5S,6R,7R)-7-hydroxy-6[(E)-(3S, 4RS)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-octen-6-inyl]-bi-cyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-ylidene}pentanoic acid
Clinical data
Trade names	Ventavis
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
Licence data	EMA:(inhalation) or Ilomedine (intravenous)&searchType=Name&jsenabled=true Link, US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat.	C
Legal status	℞ Prescription only
Routes	Inhaled Intravenous
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	The absolute bioavailability of inhaled iloprost has not been determined.
Metabolism	Iloprost is metabolized principally via β-oxidation of the carboxyl side chain. The main metabolite is tetranor-iloprost, which is found in the urine in free and conjugated form. In animal experiments, tetranor-iloprost was pharmacologically inactive.
Half-life	20–30 minutes
Excretion	?
Identifiers
CAS number	78919-13-8 73873-87-7
ATC code	B01AC11
PubChem	CID 6435378
DrugBank	DB01088
ChemSpider	4940161 Y
UNII	JED5K35YGL Y
KEGG	D02721 Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL236025 Y
Chemical data
Formula	C22H32O4
Mol. mass	360.48 g/mol
SMILES	eMolecules & PubChem
InChI InChI=1S/C22H32O4/c1-3-4-7-15(2)20(23)11-10-18-19-13-16(8-5-6-9-22(25)26)12-17(19)14-21(18)24/h8,10-11,15,17-21,23-24H,5-7,9,12-14H2,1-2H3,(H,25,26)/b11-10+,16-8+/t15?,17-,18?,19-,20+,21+/m0/s1 Y Key:HIFJCPQKFCZDDL-SGSAMSKHSA-N Y
Y(what is this?)  (verify)

Iloprost is a drug used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), scleroderma, Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemia. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company Schering AG and is marketed by Bayer Schering Pharma AG in Europe and Actelion Pharmaceuticals in the USA.

Clinical pharmacology

Iloprost is a synthetic analogue of prostacyclin PGI₂. Iloprost dilates systemic and pulmonary arterial vascular beds. It also affects platelet aggregation but the relevance of this effect to the treatment of pulmonary hypertension is unknown. The two diastereoisomers of iloprost differ in their potency in dilating blood vessels, with the 4S isomer substantially more potent than the 4R isomer.

Dosage and administration

Inhaled Iloprost

In the U.S., iloprost is inhaled specifically using the I-Neb AAD or Prodose AAD delivery systems. In Europe Iloprost has been approved for use with two compressed air nebulizers with AAD delivery systems (Halolite and Prodose) as well as with two ultrasonic nebulizers Ventaneb and I-Neb.

Ventavis is supplied in 1 mL single-use glass ampules containing either 10 mcg/mL or 20 mcg/mL. The 20 mcg/mL concentration is intended for patients who are maintained at the 5 mcg dose and who have repeatedly experienced extended treatment times which could result in incomplete dosing. Transitioning patients to the 20 mcg/mL concentration using the I-neb AAD System will decrease treatment times to help maintain patient compliance.

The approved dosing regimen for iloprost is 6 to 9 times daily (no more than every 2 hours) during waking hours, according to individual need and tolerability. The significant clinical effects observed in the pivotal study of patients with PAH were achieved with a median dose of 30 mcg per day (range: 12.5 to 45 mcg delivered at the mouthpiece), corresponding to 6 daily inhalations of 5 mcg. The majority of patients (> 80%) in the pivotal study used this median dose or a higher dose with an excellent treatment compliance after 12 weeks.

The first inhaled dose of iloprost should be 2.5 mcg (as delivered at the mouthpiece). If this dose is well tolerated, dosing should be increased to 5 mcg and maintained at that dose. Any patient who cannot tolerate the 5 mcg dose should be maintained at 2.5 mcg.

Each inhalation treatment requires one entire single-use ampule. Each single-use ampule delivers a concentration of 10 mcg/mL to the medication chamber of either the I-Neb AAD or Prodose AAD System, and delivers a nominal dose of either 2.5 mcg or 5.0 mcg to the mouthpiece. After each inhalation session, any solution remaining in the medication chamber should be discarded. Use of the remaining solution, even if the reservoir is “topped off” with fresh medication, will result in unpredictable dosing. Patients should follow the manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning the I-Neb AAD or Prodose AAD System components after each dose administration.

Complete information regarding use of iloprost in specific populations (e.g. nursing mothers, pediatrics, patients with hepatic or renal impairment), drug interactions, and overdosage can be found in full prescribing information.

Intravenous Iloprost

Vial and box of IV Iloprost

Iloprost is also available in an intravenous form, developed and marketed by Schering AG under the trade name Ilomedine. IV Iloprost is usually administered, diluted, via a peripheral vein or central venous catheter. The diluted Iloprost should be delivered by an accurate rate delivery system such as a syringe driver. Doses vary with individuals as side effects are better tolerated by some patients than others. The duration of the treatment is typically 3 days. This is usually repeated every 8 to 12 weeks

Important safety information

Contraindications:

• There are no known contraindications.

Common side effects:

• In clinical studies, common adverse reactions due to inhaled iloprost included: vasodilation (flushing, 27%), cough (39%), headache (30%), flu syndrome (14%), nausea (13%), neck spasms (12%), hypotension (11%), insomnia (8%), and fainting (syncope) (8%); other serious adverse events reported with the use of Ventavis included congestive heart failure, chest pain, supraventricular tachycardia, dyspnea, swelling of the limbs (especially around the ankles and feet), and kidney failure.

Serious adverse events reported with the use of inhaled iloprost include congestive heart failure, chest pain, supraventricular tachycardia, shortness of breath, peripheral edema, and kidney failure.

Warnings:

• Iloprost as Ventavis is intended for inhalation administration only via the I-Neb AAD or Prodose AAD Systems, pulmonary drug delivery devices. It has not been studied with any other nebulizers.
• Vital signs should be monitored while initiating inhaled iloprost therapy. Dose adjustments or a change in therapy should be considered if exertional syncope occurs. Inhaled Iloprost should not be initiated in patients with systolic blood pressure lower than 85 mm Hg. Iloprost should be stopped immediately if signs of pulmonary edema occur. This may be a sign of pulmonary venous hypertension. Iloprost has not been evaluated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe asthma, or with acute pulmonary infections.
• Should signs of pulmonary edema occur when inhaled iloprost is administered in patients with pulmonary hypertension, the treatment should be stopped immediately. This may be a sign of pulmonary venous hypertension.

See also

• pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
• Raynaud's
• Scleroderma

References

• Ventavis Package insert prescribing information available in PDF format.

• H. Olschewski et al., Inhaled Iloprost for Severe Pulmonary Hypertension., NEJM, Volume 347:322-329, August 1, 2002, Number 5 [1]

• ATS 2005. The International Conference of the American Thoracic Society. 20–25 May 2005. San Diego, CA.

External links

• FDA Web Site for Ventavis Consumer Information

• Indian Journal of Othopaedics Study treating Bone Marrow Edema with Iloprost