Inigo Jones

For the British general, see Inigo Jones (British Army officer).

Inigo Jones
Portrait of Inigo Jones painted by William Hogarth in 1758 from a 1636 painting by Sir Anthony van Dyck
Born	baptised 29 July 1573(1573-07-29) London
Died	21 June 1652(1652-06-21) Somerset House, London
Nationality	English
Work
Buildings	Banqueting House, Whitehall Queen's House Wilton House Covent Garden

Inigo Jones (or Iñigo Jones) (July 15, 1573 – June 21, 1652) is the first significant British architect of the modern period, and the first to bring Italianate Renaissance architecture to England. He left his mark on London by single buildings, such as the Banqueting House, Whitehall, and in area design for Covent Garden square which became a model for future developments in the West End. He also made major contributions to stage design by his work as theatrical designer for several dozen masques, most by royal command and many in collaboration with Ben Jonson.

Early life and career

Beyond the fact that he was born in Smithfield in central London, the son of a Welsh Catholic cloth worker, and christened at the church of St Bartholomew-the-Less, little is known about Jones' early years. Jones did not approach the architectural profession in the traditional way, namely either by rising up from a craft or through early exposure to the Office of Works, although there is evidence that Sir Christopher Wren obtained information that recorded Inigo Jones as an apprentice joiner in St Paul's Churchyard. Regardless, he unquestionably appears in the household accounts of the Earl of Rutland in 1603 as “Henygo Jones, a picture maker”. His early career seems to have been devoted to the devising of costumes and scenery for masques, plays and other court entertainment.

A masque Costume for a Knight, designed by Inigo Jones

Inigo Jones, by Anthony Van Dyck

He is credited with introducing movable scenery and the proscenium arch to English theatre. Between 1605 and 1640, Jones was responsible for staging over 500 performances, collaborating with Ben Jonson for many years, despite a relationship fraught with competition and jealousy: the two had famous arguments about whether stage design or literature was more important in theatre. (Jonson ridiculed Jones in a series of his works, written over a span of two decades.). Over 450 drawings for the scenery and costumes survive, surviving evidence of Jones’ virtuosity as a draughtsman and understanding of Italian set design, particularly that of Alfonso and Giulio Parigi. It is important to understand that there was no conception of such draughtsmanship in England at this time, although it had been the medium used by Italian painters, sculptors and architects for about a hundred years. Around this time, Jones also learnt how to speak Italian fluently and obtained an Italian copy of Andrea Palladio’s Quattro libri dell’ architecttura (first published in 1570) : all indicating that Jones made his first formative trip to Italy between 1598–1603, possibly funded by Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland. These drawings of set design and costume reveal an interesting development in Jones’ draughtsmanship between 1605 and 1609, initially showing “no knowledge of Renaissance draughtsmanship”, then in 1609, exhibiting an “accomplished Italianate manner”. This offers potential evidence of a second visit to Italy, possibly around 1606, influenced by the ambassador Henry Wotton: there is evidence that Jones owned a copy of Andrea Palladio's works with marginalia that refer to Wotton. See Wotton And His Worlds 2004 by Gerald Curzon. His work became particularly influenced by Palladio. To a lesser extent, he also held that the setting out of buildings should be guided by principles first described by ancient Roman writer Vitruvius.

Jones’ first recorded structural work is his monument to Lady Cotton, circa 1608, showing early signs of his classical intentions. Around this time, Jones also produced drawings for the New Exchange in the Strand and the central tower of St. Paul’s Cathedral, displaying a similar practical architectural inexperience and immature handling of themes from sources including Palladio, Serlio and Sangallo. In 1609, Inigo Jones appears as an architectural consultant at Hatfield House, making small modifications to the design as the project progressed, and in 1610, Jones was appointed Surveyor to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales and in this position, Jones devised a masque for the Prince and was possibly involved in some alterations to St James’s Palace.

Then, on 27 April 1613, Inigo Jones was appointed the position of Surveyor of the King’s Works and shortly after, embarked on a tour of Italy with Earl of Arundel, destined to become one of the most important patrons in the history of English art. On this trip, Jones was exposed to the architecture of Rome, Padua, Florence, Vicenza, Genoa and Venice amongst others, and his surviving sketchbook indicates his preoccupation with the art of such artists as Parmigianino and Schiavone. He is also known to have met Vicenzo Scamozzi at this time too. His annotated copy of Palladio’s Quattro libri dell’ architecttura also demonstrates his close interest in classical architecture: Jones gave priority to Roman antiquity rather than observing the contemporary fashion in Italy. He was probably the first Englishman to study these Roman remains first hand and this was key to the new architecture Inigo Jones introduced in England.

Architecture

In September of 1615, Inigo Jones was appointed Surveyor-General of the King’s Works, marking the beginning of Jones’ career in earnest. Fortunately, both James I and Charles I spent lavishly on their buildings, contrasting hugely with the economical court of Elizabeth I. As the King’s Surveyor, Jones built some of his key buildings in London.

In 1616, work began on the Queen's House, Greenwich, for James I’s wife, Anne of Denmark. With the foundations laid and the first storey built, work stopped suddenly when Anne died in 1619. Work resumed in 1629, but this time for Charles I’s Queen, Henrietta Maria. It was finished in 1635 and was the first strictly classical building in England, employing ideas found in the architecture of Palladio and ancient Rome. This is Inigo Jones' earliest surviving work. Then, between 1619 and 1622, the Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall was built, a design derived from buildings by Scamozzi and Palladio and with a ceiling painted by Peter Paul Rubens. The Banqueting House was one of several projects where Jones worked with his personal assistant and nephew by marriage John Webb.

The Queen's Chapel, St. James's Palace, was built between 1623 and 1627, for Charles I’s Catholic wife, Henrietta Maria. Parts of the design originate in the Pantheon of ancient Rome and Jones evidently intended the church to evoke the Roman temple.

These buildings show the realisation of a mature architect with a confident grasp of classical principles and an intellectual understanding of how to implement them. At the time, these buildings stood without contemporary parallels in England, France or Italy.

The other project in which Jones was involved was the design of Covent Garden square. He was commissioned by the Earl of Bedford to build a residential square, which he did along the lines of an Italian piazza. The Earl felt obliged to provide a church and he warned Jones that he wanted to economise. He told him to simply erect a "barn" and Jones' oft-quoted response was that his lordship would have "the finest barn in Europe". In the design of St Paul's, Jones faithfully adhered to Vitruvius’ design for a Tuscan temple and it was the first wholly and authentically classical church built in England. The inside of St Paul's, Covent Garden was gutted by fire in 1795, but externally it remains much as Jones designed it and dominates the west side of the piazza.

The Queen's House at Greenwich

Another large project Jones undertook was the repair and remodelling of St Paul’s Cathedral. Between the years of 1634 and 1642, Jones wrestled with the dilapidated Gothicism of Old St Paul’s, casing it in classical masonry and totally redesigning the west front. Jones incorporated the giant scrolls from Vignola and della Porta’s Church of the Gesù with a giant Corinthian portico, the largest of its type north of the Alps. Sadly, it was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Also around this time, circa 1638, Jones devised drawings completely redesigning the Palace of Whitehall, but the execution of these designs was frustrated by Charles I’s financial and political difficulties.

More than 120 buildings have been attributed to Jones but only a very small number of those are certainly his work. In the 1630s, Jones was in high demand and, as Surveyor to the King, his services were only available to a very limited circle of people, so often projects were commissioned to other members of the Works. Stoke Bruerne Park in Northamptonshire was built by Sir Francis Crane, “receiving the assistance of Inigo Jones” , between 1629 and 1635. Jones is also thought to have been involved in another country house, this time in Wiltshire. Wilton House was renovated from about 1630 onwards, at times worked on by Jones, then passed on to Isaac de Caus when Jones was too busy with royal clients. He then returned in 1646 with his student, John Webb, to try and complete the project. Many other buildings have been attributed to Inigo Jones, but the majority will be the product of plagiarism and poor imitation. Contemporary equivalent architects included Edward Carter, Sir Balthazar Gerbier and Nicholas Stone.

Later life

Inigo Jones' career effectively ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 and and the seizure of the King's houses in 1643. His property was later returned to him (c.1646) but Jones ended his days, unmarried, living in Somerset House and was subsequently buried with his parents in the Church of St Benet Paul's Wharf, the Welsh church of the City of London. John Denham and then Christopher Wren followed him as King's Surveyor of Works. A monument dedicated to him was destroyed in the Great Fire in 1666.

Legacy

He was an influence on a number of 18th century architects, notably Lord Burlington and William Kent. There is an Inigo Jones Road in Charlton, south east London (SE7). A bridge in Llanrwst, north Wales named "Pont Fawr" is also known locally as "Pont Inigo Jones" – Inigo Jones' Bridge.

List of architectural works

• Design for the completion of the central tower, old St Paul's Cathedral, not executed (c.1608)
• Design for the New Exchange in the Strand, London, not executed (c.1608)
• The Queen's House, Greenwich, (1616–1619) work suspended on the death of Anne of Denmark completed (1630–1635) for Henrietta Maria of France
• Design for the Star Chamber building, not executed (1617)
• Gateway at Oatlands Palace, (1617) now at Chiswick House
• Gateway at Arundel House, (1618) demolished
• Banqueting House, Whitehall (1619–22)
• Prince's Lodging, Newmarket for Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, (1619) demolished
• The Queen's Chapel, St. James's Palace, (1623–27) for Henrietta Maria of France
• The Cockpit Theatre, Palace of Whitehall (1629) demolished
• Stoke Park Pavilions, Northamptonshire, attributed (c. 1629–35)
• Somerset House Chapel, (1630–35) demolished
• Covent Garden, London, houses on the north and east side as well as St Paul's, Covent Garden on the west (1631–1637) only the church survives
• Old St Paul's Cathedral, new west front and remodelling of the nave and transepts (1634–42) destroyed in the Great Fire of London
• Wilton House, Wiltshire (1636–40) the interior burnt c.1647, rebuilt to the designs of John Webb (1648)
• Sir Peter Killigrew's House, Blackfriars, London (1630s) not known if built
• Palace of Whitehall, various schemes for the complete rebuilding of the palace (c. 1637–39)
• Lord Maltravers's House, Lothbury, London (1638) if built destroyed in the Great Fire of London
• Temple Bar, London, design for triumpal arch, not executed (1638)
• Screen in Winchester Cathedral (c.1638) demolished
• Also design for a row of house in Lothbury for Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel (c.1638) destroyed in the Great Fire of London
• Lindsey House, Lincoln's Inn Fields now numbers 59 & 60, attributed (c. 1638–40)

Gallery of architectural works

• 

  Banqueting House Whitehall

• 

  Banqueting House Whitehall

• 

  Detail of the Banqueting House Whitehall

• 

  Interior looking south, Banqueting House Whitehall

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  Interior looking north, Banqueting House Whitehall

• 

  Ceiling, with Rubens paintings, Banqueting House Whitehall

• 

  Design to rebuild Whitehall Palace

• 

  West front, nave and transepts, Old St. Paul's Cathedral, as remodelled by Jones

• 

  North front, The Queen's House, Greenwich

• 

  South front, The Queen's House, Greenwich

• 

  South front, The Queen's House, Greenwich

• 

  Tulip Stair, The Queen's House, Greenwich

• 

  Plan, The Queen's House, Greenwich

• 

  Covent Garden

• 

  St. Paul's Covent Garden

• 

  Gateway from Oatlands, now at Chiswick House

• 

  Wilton House, Wiltshire

• 

  Queen's Chapel, St. James Palace, London

• 

  Stoke Park, attributed

• 

  Design for a new theatre

References

• Colvin, Howard, "A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects: 1600 to 1840", 1954
• Orgel, Steven and Strong, Roy C., "Inigo Jones and the theatre of the Stuart Court", 1973
• Gotch, A J, "Inigo Jones", 1968
• Hart, Vaughan. Art and Magic in the Court of the Stuarts. London, Routledge, 1994.
• Chaney, Edward, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance, London, Routledge, 2000.
• Chaney, Edward, 'Evelyn, Inigo Jones, and the Collector Earl of Arundel', John Evelyn and his Milieu, eds F. Harris and M. Hunter (The British Library, 2003).
• Leapman, Michael. Inigo: The Troubled Life of Inigo Jones, Architect of the English Renaissance. London, Headline Book Publishing, 2003.
• Chaney, Edward, Inigo Jones's 'Roman Sketchbook', 2 vols, London, The Roxburghe Club, 2006.
• Giles Worsley, Inigo Jones and the European Classicist Tradition (New Haven and London, 2007).
• Christy Anderson, Inigo Jones and the Classical Tradition (Cambridge, 2007).
• Edward Chaney, "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian", in Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome, eds. D. Marshall, K. Wolfe and S. Russell, British School at Rome, 2011, pp. 147–70.
• Vaughan Hart, Inigo Jones, the Architect of Kings, London and New Haven, Yale University Press, 2011

External links

•  "Inigo Jones". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
• Biography of Inigo Jones, Royal Institute of British Architects.
• Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
• "An Early Drawingby Inigo Jones and a monument in Shropshire" The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 115, No. 843, June 1973