Integral movement

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The integral movement - also referred to as (the) integral approach[1][2], consciousness[3], culture[4], paradigm[5][6], philosophy [7][8], society[9], theory[10], is a worldview [11] that seeks a comprehensive understanding of humans and the universe by combining psychological, social, and/or spiritual insights in a single framework.

"Integral" might be said to have both a broad and a narrow meaning. In the larger, generic sense, Integral means whole, complete and holistic, such as body-mind-spirit and East-West. In the narrow sense, it refers originally to the Integral Yoga philosophy and psychology of Sri Aurobindo[12][13], as well as the Integral Psychology (the term coined by Indra Sen) and Psychotherapy that emerges from it[14]. Although the basic ideas were first articulated in the early twentieth century, the movement originates with the California Institute of Integral Studies founded in 1968 by Haridas Chaudhuri, a disciple of Sri Aurobindo, who was the first to fully define the idea. The word Integral more recently has come to also be associated with the work of Ken Wilber[15], himself influenced by Sri Aurobindo among many others, as well as with the movement centered around him (for example the Integral Institute), and related theories such as Spiral dynamics[16]. In the Wilber movement "Integral" when capitalized is given a further definition, being made synonymous with Wilber's AQAL Integral theory[17], wheras "Integral Studies" refers to the broader field including the range of integral thinkers such as Jean Gebser, Sri Aurobindo, Ken Wilber, and Ervin Laszlo[18].

Integral thought is claimed to provide "a new understanding of how evolution affects the development of consciousness and culture"[19]. It includes areas such as business, education, medicine, spirituality, sports,[20] psychology and psychotherapy.[21] The idea of the evolution of consciousness has also become a central theme in much of integral theory.[22] According to the Integral Transformative Practice website, integral means "dealing with the body, mind, heart, and soul."[23]

The Integral worldview is seen by proponents as going beyond rationalism and materialism. It attempts to introduce a more universal and holistic perspective or approach, which incorporates other points of view in a larger synthesis. Proponents view rationalism as subordinating, ignoring, and/or denying spirituality. Wilber begins by acknowledging and validating mystical experience, rather than denying its reality. As these experiences have occurred to humans in all cultures in all eras, integral theorists accept them as valuable and not pathological. According to Sri Aurobindo, while both materialistic Science and Yogic asceticism have much to offer, each is still lacking on its own, and a "larger and completer affirmation" is required that can include both.[24]

Contents

[edit] History

The adjective "integral" was first used in a spiritual context by Sri Aurobindo from 1914 onward to describe his own yoga, which he referred to as Purna (Skt: "Full") Yoga. It appeared in The Synthesis of Yoga, a book that first published in serial form in the journal Arya and was revised several times since [25].

However, it has recently been noted that Rudolf Steiner used the term integral in a similar way to Sri Aurobindo and Gebser very early on, by 1906 comparing "integral evolution" with "Darwinian evolution." [26]. Jennifer Gidley points to Steiner’s earliest use of the term integral, in reference to integral evolution in a lecture in Paris on the 26th May, 1906.

The grandeur of Darwinian thought is not disputed, but it does not explain the integral evolution of man… So it is with all purely physical explanations, which do not recognise the spiritual essence of man's being.[27] [Italics added]

The word "integral" was independently suggested by Jean Gebser in 1939 to describe his own intuition regarding the next state of human consciousness. Gebser only afterwards discovered the similarity with Sri Aurobindo [28].

Haridas Chaudhuri, a student of Sri Aurobindo and philosopher in his own right, developed his own perspective and philosophy. He established the California Institute of Integral Studies (originally the "California Institute of Asian Studies"), in 1968 in San Francisco (it became an independent organisation in 1974), and presented his own form of Integral psychology in the early 1970s [29].

In Spiral Dynamics, Don Beck and Chris Cowan use the term "integral" for a developmental stage which sequentially follows the pluralistic stage. The essential characteristic of this stage is that it continues the inclusive nature of the pluralistic mentality, yet extends this inclusiveness to those outside of the pluralistic mentality. In doing so, it accepts the ideas of development and hierarchy, which the pluralistic mentality finds difficult. Other ideas of Beck and Cowan include the "first tier" and "second tier", which refer to major periods of human development.

In late 1990s and 2000 Ken Wilber, who was influenced by both Aurobindo and Gebser, among many others, adopted the term "Integral" to refer to the latest revision ("Wilber-IV") of his own philosophy, which he called Integral theory. He also established the Integral Institute as a think-tank for further development of these ideas. In his book Integral Psychology Wilber lists a number of pioneers of the integral approach, post hoc. These include Goethe, Schelling, Hegel, Gustav Fechner, William James, Rudolf Steiner, Alfred North Whitehead, James Mark Baldwin, Jurgen Habermas, Sri Aurobindo, and Abraham Maslow [30].

Daniel Gustav Anderson has suggested that Wilber's Integral Theory is derived from the writings of the Sri Aurobindo[31]. However, his claims in this and other areas have been challenged by scholars of Sri Aurobindo's teachings[32].

According to John Bothwell and David Geier, among the top thinkers in the integral movement are Stanislav Grof, Fred Kofman, George Leonard, Michael Murphy, Jenny Wade, Roger Walsh, Ken Wilber, and Michael Zimmerman[33].

Australian academic Alex Burns mentions among integral theorists Jean Gebser, Clare W. Graves, Jane Loevinger and Ken Wilber[34].

In 2007, Steve McIntosh mentioned Henri Bergson and Teilhard de Chardin along with many of the names mentioned by Wilber [35].

In the same year, the editors of What Is Enlightenment? listed as contemporary Integralists Don Beck, Allan Combs, Robert Godwin, Sally Goerner, George Leonard, Michael Murphy, William Irwin Thompson, and Ken Wilber[36].

Also in 2007, Gary Hampson suggested that there are six intertwined genealogical branches of Integral, based on those who first used the term: those aligned with Aurobindo, Gebser, Wilber, Gangadean, László and Steiner [Noting that the Steiner branch is via the conduit of Gidley][37].

[edit] Historical figures

Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950) was a visionary yogi rather than a systematizer, and although he referred to "integral" only in the context of spiritual transformation, his writings influenced others who used the term "integral" in more philosophical or psychological contexts. The word "integral" was originally used by Sri Aurobindo and the Mother to describe the yoga they taught. Their integral yoga involves an integral divine transformation of the entire being, rather than the liberation of only a single faculty such as the intellect or the emotions or the body. According to Sri Aurobindo,

(T)he Divine is in his essence infinite and his manifestation too is multitudinously infinite. If that is so, it is not likely that our true integral perfection in being and in nature can come by one kind of realisation alone; it must combine many different strands of divine experience. It cannot be reached by the exclusive pursuit of a single line of identity till that is raised to its absolute; it must harmonise many aspects of the Infinite. An integral consciousness with a multiform dynamic experience is essential for the complete transformation of our nature. — Sri Aurobindo, The Synthesis of Yoga, p.114

Important teachings include: Evolution, Involution, the Integral psychology, Integral yoga, and the Supramental principle. Major works include: The Life Divine, The Synthesis of Yoga, and Savitri.

Mirra Alfassa (also kown as "The Mother") (1878-1973) was Sri Aurobindo's co-worker. She continued Sri Aurobindo's work of Integral Yoga and spiritual transformation after his passing, and founded Auroville, an international community dedicated to human unity, and based on their teachings.

Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) was an Austrian philosopher, scholar, educator, artist, playwright, social visionary, and esotericist who developed his unique philosophy and cosmology based on what he called supersensible knowledge. He founded Anthroposophy, Waldorf education, biodynamic agriculture, anthroposophical medicine, and Eurythmy.

Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968) was a Russian-born Harvard sociologist who advocated a cyclic view of history. He referred to the emergence of a future, spiritually-based integral society which will replace the current "sensate" society[38]. Writing at the same time as Sri Aurobindo, but independently, he began using phrases like "integral philosophy" and "integralist".[39].

Indra Sen (1903-1994) was a psychologist, author, educator, and devotee of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother. He was the first to he coin the term "Integral psychology" to describe the psychological observations he found in Sri Aurobindo's writings (which he contrasted with those of Western Psychology), and developed themes of "Integral Culture" and "Integral Man".

Jean Gebser (1905-1973), was a Swiss phenomenologist and interdisciplinary scholar, and author of The Ever-Present Origin. He conceived of history as a series of mutations in consciousness.

Haridas Chaudhuri (1913-1975), a Bengali philosopher, was a correspondent with Sri Aurobindo and founded the California Institute of Integral Studies, and developed his own form of Integral Psychology.

[edit] Contemporary figures

George Burr Leonard (b. 1923), is the co-founder (with Michael Murphy) of Integral Transformative Practice, and author of numerous books on human possibilities and social change. He coined the term "human potential movement".

Michael Murphy (b. 1930), author of The Future of the Body, and with George Burr Leonard the co-founders of the Human Potential Movement and of Integral Transformative Practice, and co-authors of The Life We Are Given. Murphy also co-founded the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, with Richard Price.

Ervin László (b. 1932) is a philosopher of science, systems theorist, and integral theorist who posits a field of information as the substance of the cosmos (see akasha and Seth Lloyd).

Rolf Sattler (b. 1936) is a plant morphologist, holistic scientist, philosopher and meditator. He emphasizes perspectivism and complementarity, and has extended Wilber's AQAL map through the addition of dialectics, holism as undivided wholeness, Yin-Yang, continuum and network views[40].

Michael E. Zimmerman (b. 1946) has written on various fields, including Martin Heidegger and Environmental philosophy. he is co-founder with Sean Esbjörn-Hargens of the field of Integral ecology.

Ken Wilber (b. 1949) is an American writer and autodidact who popularized Integral thought or integral thinking in the current sense, to develop an all-encompassing, evolutionary theory that incorporates and honours all perspectives, while at the same time presenting a larger picture. Wilber, borrowing centrally from the writings of Adi Da, also built upon the ideas of previous integral thinkers like Sri Aurobindo and Jean Gebser in developing his own theory. His books include: Sex Ecology Spirituality, Integral Psychology, and Boomeritis. He is the founder of the Integral Institute. According to Wilber,

The word integral means comprehensive, inclusive, nonmarginalizing, embracing. Integral approaches to any field attempt to be exactly that—to include as many perspectives, styles, and methodologies as possible within a coherent view of the topic. In a certain sense, integral approaches are "meta-paradigms," or ways to draw together an already existing number of separate paradigms into an interrelated network of approaches that are mutually enriching." —Ken Wilber, "Foreword", in Frank Visser, Ken Wilber: Thought As Passion

Richard Tarnas (b. 1950), is a cultural historian and professor of philosophy and psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies. he is author of The Passion of the Western Mind (1991) and Cosmos and Psyche (2006)

Brian Swimme (b. 1950), also of the California Institute of Integral Studies, and author (with Thomas Berry) of The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era: A Celebration of the Unfolding of the Cosmos.

Yasuhiko Kimura (b. 1954) is integral philosopher, writer, and lecturer.

Andrew Cohen (b. 1955) is an American guru and proponent of "Evolutionary Enlightenment." He is founder and editor in chief of the quarterly magazine EnlightenNext, which, beginning around 2000, has included articles related to the integral movement and related streams of thought, and includes interviews with Wilber as a regular feature.

Frank Visser (b. 1958) is a Dutch author, Theosophist and webmaster of Integral World, a website that hosts a large number of articles about Wilber and Integral Theory.

Steve McIntosh (b. 1960) is an independent scholar, businessman, and Integral theorist. He is author of Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, which builds upon the ideas of Wilber, Whitehead, Teilhard, and others.

Roland Benedikter (b. 1965) is a European academic and Professor for Cultural and Socio-Educational Sciences who has written on Postmodernism and Integral thought [41].

Sean Esbjörn-Hargens (b. 1973). one of the top integral theorists associated with Wilber's Integral approach, is a professor of Integral Studies at John F. Kennedy University.

Don Beck is a management consultant and proponent of Spiral Dynamics who has collaborated with Wilber and contributed to the development of Integral theory.

Allan Combs is the author of The Radiance of Being: Understanding the Grand Integral Vision, Living the Integral Life. He has worked with Wilber to create a theory which they call the "Wilber-Combs Lattice".

Jorge Ferrer is the author of Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality and a core faculty member in the East-West Psychology Program at the California Institute of Integral Studies.

Ashok Gangadean has written a number of books on the concept of a global consciousness. He is Co-Convenor of the World Commission on Global Consciousness and Spirituality. He started using the word "integral" in 2006, inspired by László’s and others.

Robert Kegan is a Harvard developmental psychologist who is considered to be an integral theorist. He is a member of the Integral Institute.

Robert A. McDermott is professor of philosophy and religion at the California Institute of Integral Studies, and has studied the work of Rudolph Steiner and Sri Aurobindo.

[edit] Integral psychology

Main article: Integral psychology

Integral psychology is psychology that presents an all-encompassing holistic rather than an exclusivist or reductive approach. It includes both lower, ordinary, and spiritual or transcendent states of consciousness. It originally is based on the Yoga psychology of Sri Aurobindo. Other important writers in the field of Integral Psychology are Indra Sen[42], Haridas Chaudhuri[43], Ken Wilber[44], and Brant Cortright[45].

[edit] Integral theory

Integral theory is a term often used to describe the teachings and work of the American writer Ken Wilber, referring either to the synthesis of different perspectives and methodologies, or to his own "AQAL" theory. More recently, the term has been adopted by Hungarian systems theorist Ervin László in a scientific context.

[edit] Wilber's Integral theory

Although Wilber originally spoke of Integral theory in terms of a synthesis of different methodologies that can be used in the study of consciousness[46], "Integral theory" later came to be considered synonymous with "AQAL" [47]. AQAL refers to "All quadrants, all levels", and equally connotes "all lines, all states, all types".

Central to Wilber's methodology is the concept of vision-logic as a post-formal, but personal, level of cognitive development. A characteristic of vision-logic is the ability to conceptualize and compare different perspectives or points of view. In the book Sex, Ecology, Spirituality, Wilber describes vision-logic as a planetary awareness. He uses it to translate the term vernunft as used by the German idealists, which means something like "transcendental knowledge".

Aspects of Integral Theory, such as Wilber's Four Quadrants and Don Beck's Integral Spiral Dynamics together, or Wilber's Integral Theory in general, have been applied in various fields. These include alternative health[48], business leadership and Leadership studies[49][50][51][52], ecology (see section of Integral Ecology, below) including marine ecology[53], Future studies[54][55][56], International development[57], psychopharmacology [58], religious education[59], urban planning [60], and even Trumpet practice[61].

Rolf Sattler has proposed that in addition to Wilber's AQAL quadrants and holarchy levels other perspectives should be included in integral theory, such as dialectics, holism as undivided wholeness, Yin-Yang, continuum and network views[62].

Aspects of Integral theory have been adopted by Michel Bauwens and Daniel Gustav Anderson, although in a non-Wilberian or post-Wilberian context[63] [64]

[edit] László's Integral theory

According to Ervin László, a Theory of Everything would include not just mathematical formulas and quantum physics, but life, mind, and culture as well. He points out that although Wilber in A Theory of Everything refers to the "integral vision" of a genuine Theory of Everything, he does not present a science-based theory as such [65]. László's 2004 book, Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory of Everything presents his own version of an Integral theory in terms of a fundamental energy and information-carrying field that informs not just the current universe, but all universes past and present. This is then used to explain physical, biological, evolutionary, cultural and psychological, and even paranormal and spiritual phenomena[66].

[edit] Integral art

See main article Integral art

Integral art can be defined as art that reaches across multiple quadrants and levels, or simply as art that was created by someone who thinks or acts in an integral way. Such artists may have been influenced by integral thinkers, or developed integral art independently.

[edit] Integral ecology

See main article Integral ecology

Integral ecology is a multi-disciplinary approach pioneered by Michael E. Zimmerman and Sean Esbjörn-Hargens. It applies Wilber's integral theory (especially the eight methodological perspectives) to the field of environmental studies and ecological research.[67][68][69][70]

[edit] Integral economics

See main article Integral economics

Integral economics is a ‘paradigmatic’ methodology emanating from integral thought and theory as it translates to economics. This 'new' praxis offers a structural framework for addressing and resolving problems the Integral Institute has associated in their Mission with “evolutionary forms of capitalism; and the culture wars in political, religious, and scientific domains”. These efforts are thus affording "theorists and developmental psychologists a needed and useful early look at the formal, dynamic process by which the evolution of higher-order development proceeds" in relation to an integral model.[71]

[edit] Online and print journals

A number of publications have developed around the theme of Integral thought, at the same time further helping to define it. One of the first of these, in 2000, was Kosmos journal, which has featured Don Beck, Ervin László, Ashok Gangadean, and others. The magazine What Is Enlightenment?, established earlier by Andrew Cohen and associates, began including articles related to the integral movement around 2000, and now regularly includes interviews with Ken Wilber. The Integral Leadership Review has its genesis in 2000 and has emerged as a full scale free online publication [1]. Its summary subscription publication, LeadingDigest, began in 2007.

In 2005, the first peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journals in the area were established (both are also on-line journals), Integral Review and Conscious Evolution. In 2006 the quarterly peer-reviewed Journal of Integral Theory and Practice was established by the Integral Institute.

[edit] Integral as an emerging cultural or developmental stage

The Integral Culture is a name given by sociologist Paul Ray to the growing subculture also referred to as Transmodernism, and which he refers to as the Cultural Creatives. They are concerned with ecological sustainability and in the case of a core group have a commitment to personal and spiritual development. These are individuals who can meld the best of Traditionalism and Modernism to create a new synthesis, having a cognitive style based on synthesizing varied information from many sources into a big picture.[72][73]

In the Spiral Dynamics of Don Beck and Chris Cowan, the term Integral refers to a developmental stage which sequentially follows the pluralistic stage. The essential characteristic of this stage is that it continues the inclusive nature of the pluralistic mentality, yet extends this inclusiveness to those outside of the pluralistic mentality. In doing so, it accepts the ideas of development and hierarchy, which the pluralistic mentality finds difficult. Other ideas of Beck and Cowan include the "first tier" and "second tier", which refer to major periods of human development[74]. All of these ideas were then adopted by Wilber[75].

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ An Essential Introduction to the Integral Approach - Integral Life com
  2. ^ Josh Floyd, Alex Burns, and Jose Ramos, A Challenging Conversation on Integral Futures: Embodied Foresight & Trialogues, Journal of Futures Studies, November 2008, 13(2): 69 - 86; p.69
  3. ^ Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, p.2
  4. ^ Integral Culture: A Guide to the Emerging Integral Culture
  5. ^ Vincent Jeffries, The integral paradigm: The truth of faith and the social sciences, Journal The American Sociologist, Volume 30, Number 4. December, 1999 pp.36-55
  6. ^ Integral Paradigm 101
  7. ^ Haridas Chaudhuri, Being, Evolution, and Immortality; an Outline of Integral Philosophy, Theosophical Publishing House, 1974
  8. ^ Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, Paragon House, St Paul Minnesota, 2007, ISBN 978-1-55778-867-2 pp.2-3 and ch.7 "The Founders of Integral Philosophy"
  9. ^ Goerner, Sally J. 1999 After the clockwork universe : the emerging science and culture of integral society, Floris, Edinburgh
  10. ^ 1st Biennial Integral Theory Conference
  11. ^ Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, p.2
  12. ^ Ram Shankar Misra, The integral Advaitism of Sri Aurobindo, Banaras: Banaras Hindu University, 1957
  13. ^ Haridas Chaudhuri, Frederic Spiegelberg, The integral philosophy of Sri Aurobindo: a commemorative symposium, Allen & Unwin, 1960
  14. ^ Brant Cortright, Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart, SUNY, 2007 ISBN 0791470717, pp.5-6
  15. ^ Daryl S. Paulson, Wilber's Integral Philosophy: A Summary and Critique, Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2008; 48: 364-388
  16. ^ Christopher Cooke and Ben Levi Spiral Dynamics Integral
  17. ^ Matt Rentschler, AQAL Glossary, p.15
  18. ^ Sean Esbjörn-Hargens, An Overvew of Integral Theory - An All-Inclusive Framework for the 21st Century p.22 note 4, Integral Institute—Resource Paper No. 1, 2009
  19. ^ Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, p.2
  20. ^ John Bothwell and David Geier, Score! Power Up Your Game, Business and Life by Harnessing the Power of Emotional Intelligence, Morgan James Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1933596627 p.144
  21. ^ Arthur Freeman, Cognition and Psychotherapy, Springer, 2004, ISBN 0826122256 p.22
  22. ^ Jennifer Gidley, The Evolution of Consciousness as a Planetary Imperative: An Integration of Integral Views Integral Review no. 5, 2007 p.15
  23. ^ ITP International Welcome!
  24. ^ Sri Aurobindo, The Life Divine, 10th Edition, 1977, Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, p.24
  25. ^ The Synthesis of Yoga, see Biographical Notes to the 3rd Pondicherry edition
  26. ^ Molz, M., & Gidley, J. (2008). A transversal dialogue on integral education and planetary consciousness: Markus Molz speaks with Jennifer Gidley. Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary and Transcultural Journal for New Thought, Research and Praxis, 6, p. 51.
  27. ^ Steiner, R. (1928/1978). An Esoteric Cosmology (GA 94), (E. Schure, Trans.) [Eighteen Lectures delivered in Paris, France, May 25 to June 14, 1906] [Electronic version] Original work published in French in 1928.
  28. ^ Ever-Present Origin p.102 note 4
  29. ^ Haridas Chaudhuri, "Psychology: Humanistic and Transpersonal". Journal of Humanistic Psychology, and The Evolution of Integral Consciousness; Bahman Shirazi "Integral psychology, metaphors and processes of personal integration" in Cornelissen (ed.) Consciousness and Its Transformation online version
  30. ^ Ken Wilber, Integral Psychology, Shambhalla, 2000 p.78
  31. ^ Daniel Gustav Anderson, Of Syntheses and Surprises: Toward a Critical Integral Theory Integral Review 3 (2006), pp. 62-81.
  32. ^ see the reviews of Anderson's thesis by Rich Carlson and Debashish Banerji
  33. ^ John Bothwell and David Geier, Score! Power Up Your Game, Business and Life by Harnessing the Power of Emotional Intelligence, p.144
  34. ^ Josh Floyd, Alex Burns, and Jose Ramos, A Challenging Conversation on Integral Futures: Embodied Foresight & Trialogues, Journal of Futures Studies, November 2008, 13(2): 69 - 86; p.71
  35. ^ Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, ch.7
  36. ^ The Real Evolution Debate, What Is Enlightenment?, no.35, January-March 2007, p.100
  37. ^ Gary Hampson, "Integral Re-views Postmodernism: The Way Out Is Through" Integral Review 4, 2007 pp.13-4, http://www.integral-review.org
  38. ^ Introduction, pp.38f., in Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin, On the Practice of Sociology (edited by Barry V. Johnston), University of Chicago Press, 1998, ISBN 0226768287, ISBN 9780226768281
  39. ^ Steve McIntosh, Integral Consciousness and the Future of Evolution, p.180
  40. ^ Sattler, R. 2008. Wilber’s AQAL Map and Beyond
  41. ^ Roland Benedikter, "Postmodern spirituality, A dialogue in five parts", www.integralworld.net Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4,Part 5
  42. ^ Indra Sen, Integral Psychology: The Psychological System of Sri Aurobindo, Pondicherry, India: Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, 1986
  43. ^ Chaudhuri, Haridas. (1975). "Psychology: Humanistic and transpersonal". Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15 (1), 7-15.
  44. ^ Ken Wilber, Integral Psychology : Consciousness, Spirit, Psychology, Therapy Shambhala, ISBN 1-57062-554-9
  45. ^ Brant Cortright, Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth, and Opening the Heart, SUNY, 2007 ISBN 0791470717
  46. ^ Ken Wilber, An integral theory of consciousness, Journal of Consciousness Studies, Volume 4, Number 1, 1997, pp. 71-92(22)
  47. ^ Matt Rentschler, AQAL Glossary, p.17
  48. ^ Elliott Dacher, Integral Health: The Path to Human Flourishing by Elliott S. Dacher, Basic Health Publications, 2006 ISBN 159120190X ISBN 978-1591201908
  49. ^ Ron Cacioppe and Mark Edwards, "Seeking the Holy Grail of organisational development: A synthesis of integral theory, spiral dynamics, corporate transformation and action inquiry", Leadership and Organization Development Journal, Mar 2005 Vol 26, no.2 pp. 86 - 105
  50. ^ Nancy E. Landrum and Carolyn L. Gardner, "Using integral theory to effect strategic change", Journal of Organizational Change Management, Jun 2005, Vol 18, no.3 pp 247 - 258
  51. ^ Daryl Paulson, Competitive Business, Caring Business, Paraview Press, 2002 ISBN 1931044392 ISBN 978-1931044394
  52. ^ Wendelin Küpers, (2007) "Integrating Leadership and Followership in Organisations", International Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol.2 no.3, pp.194-221
  53. ^ Brian N. Tissot - Integral Marine Ecology: Community-based fishery management in HawaiiWorld Futures: the Journal of General Evolution, 2005 vol. 61 pp.79-96
  54. ^ Slaughter, Richard. (2003) Integral futures: A new model for futures enquiry and practice, Indooroopilly, Australia: Foresight International.
  55. ^ Slaughter, Richard. (2004). Futures beyond dystopia: Creating social foresight. London: Routledge Falmer.
  56. ^ Josh Floyd, Alex Burns, and Jose Ramos, A Challenging Conversation on Integral Futures: Embodied Foresight & Trialogues, Journal of Futures Studies, November 2008, 13(2): 69 - 86
  57. ^ Gail Hochachka, Developing Sustainability, Developing the Self: An Integral Approach to International and Community Development, Polis Publications, 2005
  58. ^ R. Elliott Ingersoll and Carl F. Rank, Psychopharmacology for Helping Professionals, Brooks Cole, 2005 ISBN 0534611826 ISBN 978-0534611828
  59. ^ Anta Filipsone, "The Integral Philosophy of Ken Wilber and Religious Education" in International Handbook of the Religious, Moral and Spiritual Dimensions in Education Springer, Netherlands 2009 pp.93-105 ISBN 978-1-4020-4803-6
  60. ^ Marilyn Hamilton, Integral City - Evolutionary Intelligences for the Human Hive New Society Publishers 2008, ISBN 9780865716292
  61. ^ Brian McWhorter, Toward an Integral view of Trumpet practice, International Trumpet Guid journal, June 2004, pp.58-9
  62. ^ Rolf Sattler, 2008, Wilber's AQAL Map and Beyond
  63. ^ Michel Bauwens, Beyond Perspectives, Reductionisms and Layers, Integral Review, Issue 1, 2005 (June), pp. 14-15.
  64. ^ Michel Bauwens Going beyond Wilber’s enclosure of the Integral Commons p2p foundation blog, 5th June 2009
  65. ^ Ervin László, "Rationale for an Integral Theory of Everything", p.1, [integral-review.org/back_issues/backissue3/index.htm Integral Review, no.3]
  66. ^ Ervin László, Science and the Akashic Field: An Integral Theory of Everything, Inner Traditions, Rochester, Vermont, 2004
  67. ^ Zimmerman, M. (2005). “Integral Ecology: A Perspectival, Developmental, and Coordinating Approach to Environmental Problems.” World Futures: The Journal of General Evolution 61, nos. 1-2: 50-62.
  68. ^ Esbjörn-Hargens, S. (2008). “Integral Ecological Research: Using IMP to Examine Animals and Sustainability” in Journal of Integral Theory and Practice Vol 3, No. 1.
  69. ^ Esbjörn-Hargens, S. & Zimmerman, M. E. (2008). “Integral Ecology” Callicott, J. B. & Frodeman, R. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy. New York: Macmillan Library Reference.
  70. ^ Sean Esbjörn-Hargens and Michael E. Zimmerman, Integral Ecology: Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World, Integral Books (2009) ISBN 1590304667
  71. ^ Kevin J. Bowman, Integral Neoclassical Economic Growth, as submitted to AQAL: Journal of Integral Theory and Practice, June 27, 2008
  72. ^ Bobbye Middendorf, The Integral Culture - Cultural Creatives Making a Difference for the Future, Conscious Choice, January 1999
  73. ^ Paul H. Ray and Sherry Ruth Anderson, The Cultural Creatives
  74. ^ Don Beck and Christopher Cowan, 1996, Spiral Dynamics: Mastering Values, Leadership, and Change, ISBN 1-55786-940-5
  75. ^ Ken Wilber, A Theory of Everything: An Integral Vision for Business, Politics, Science and Spirituality, 2000, ISBN 1-57062-855-6

[edit] External links

[edit] Websites

  • Integral World website and online resource maintained by Wilber student and critic Frank Visser; originally commentary and criticism of Wilber's work only, but since 2006 and especially 2007 has also featured a more diverse range of essays and interprations of Integral thought.
  • Open Source Integral Online forum and community, featuring a wide range of topics and discussion in relation to Integral thought
  • Gaia formerly known as Zaadz, on-line community originally affiliated with the Integral Institute, but much more diverse than just Wilber-supporters alone.
  • Integral Psychotherapy psychology clinic dedicated to Integral Psychology teaching and practice located in Minneapolis, MN.
  • Journal of Integral Theory and Practice a peer-reviewed academic journal founded in 2003 with its first issue appearing in 2006.
  • Integral Research Center a grant giving mixed-methods research center based on Integral Methodological Pluralism.
  • Integral Theory Conference the official site for the biennial Integral Theory Conference held at JFK University.
  • MA in Integral Theory an accredited online Master of Arts degree in Integral Theory.
  • Integral Review Journal, an online peer reviewed "transdisciplinary and transcultural journal for new thought, research, and praxis." Started in 2005, the journal is not directly affiliated with the Integral Institute.
  • Integral Leadership Review, the site of the online publications Integral Leadership Review (free) and Leading Digest (subscription), and books related to integral leadership. It is an independent publication not affiliated with the Integral Institute.
  • The French Integral University : Université Intégrale,
  • Echolex First german Integral Communication Agency. Integral communication solutions, especially for sustainable operating persons, organisations and companies

[edit] Blogs

  • Integral Praxis Post-Wilberian blog by the Integral Research Group (IRG), provides a diverse range of essays and links to all apsects of the Integral Movement
  • Science, Culture and Integral Yoga (SCIY) Aurobindonian multi-authored blog based on the teachings of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother in the context of diverse social commentary, founded by Rich Carlson
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