Intel 8051
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The Intel 8051 is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but has today[update] largely been superseded by a vast range of faster and/or functionally enhanced 8051-compatible devices manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies (formerly Siemens AG), Maxim Integrated Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips Semiconductor), Nuvoton (formerly Winbond), ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal), Texas Instruments and Cypress Semiconductor. Intel's official designation for the 8051 family of µCs is MCS 51.
Intel's original 8051 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter C in their name (e.g., 80C51) used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS predecessors. This made them more suitable for battery-powered devices.
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[edit] Important features and applications
- It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in a single package
- 8-bit ALU, Accumulator and Registers; hence it is an 8-bit microcontroller
- 8-bit data bus - It can access 8 bits of data in one operation
- 16-bit address bus - It can access 216 memory locations - 64 kiB (65536 locations) each of RAM and ROM
- On-chip RAM - 128 bytes (data memory)
- On-chip ROM - 4 kiB (program memory)
- Four byte bi-directional input/output port
- UART (serial port)
- Two 16-bit Counter/timers
- Two-level interrupt priority
- Power saving mode
A particularly useful feature of the 8051 core is the inclusion of a boolean processing engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on internal registers and RAM. This feature helped to cement the 8051's popularity in industrial control applications. Another valued feature is that it has four separate register sets, which can be used to greatly reduce interrupt latency compared to the more common method of storing interrupt context on a stack.
The 8051 UARTs make it simple to use the chip as a serial communications interface. External pins can be configured to connect to internal shift registers in a variety of ways, and the internal timers can also be used, allowing serial communications in a number of modes, both synchronous and asynchronous. Some modes allow communications with no external components. A mode compatible with an RS-485 multi-point communications environment is achievable, but the 8051's real strength is fitting in with existing ad-hoc protocols (e.g., when controlling serial-controlled devices).
Once a UART, and a timer if necessary, have been configured, the programmer needs only to write a simple interrupt routine to refill the send shift register whenever the last bit is shifted out by the UART and/or empty the full receive shift register (copy the data somewhere else). The main program then performs serial reads and writes simply by reading and writing 8-bit data to stacks.
8051 based microcontrollers typically include one or two UARTs, two or three timers, 128 or 256 bytes of internal data RAM (16 bytes of which are bit-addressable), up to 128 bytes of I/O, 512 bytes to 64 kB of internal program memory, and sometimes a quantity of extended data RAM (ERAM) located in the external data space. The original 8051 core ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, with most instructions executing in one or two machine cycles. With a 12 MHz clock frequency, the 8051 could thus execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second or 500,000 two-cycle instructions per second. Enhanced 8051 cores are now commonly used which run at six, four, two, or even one clock per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 100 MHz, and are thus capable of an even greater number of instructions per second. All SILabs, some Dallas and a few Atmel devices have single cycle cores.
Even higher speed single cycle 8051 cores, in the range 130 MHz to 150 MHz, are now available in internet downloadable form for use in programmable logic devices such as FPGAs, and at many hundreds of MHz in ASICs, for example the netlist from www.e8051.com. Top clock speed 8051 cores reach over 200 MHz in today's FPGA technologies - as an example www.dcd.pl.
Common features included in modern 8051 based microcontrollers include built-in reset timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable Flash ROM program memory, bootloader code in ROM, EEPROM non-volatile data storage, I²C, SPI, and USB host interfaces, PWM generators, analog comparators, A/D and D/A converters, RTCs, extra counters and timers, in-circuit debugging facilities, more interrupt sources, and extra power saving modes.
[edit] Programming
Several C compilers are available for the 8051, most of which feature extensions that allow the programmer to specify where each variable should be stored in its six types of memory, and provide access to 8051 specific hardware features such as the multiple register banks and bit manipulation instructions. Other high level languages such as Forth, BASIC, Pascal/Object Pascal, PL/M and Modula 2 are available for the 8051, but they are less widely used than C and assembly.
[edit] Instruction set
Arithmetic Operations
| Mnemonic | Description | Bytes | Cycles |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADD A,Rn | Add register to A | 1 | 1 |
| ADD A,direct | Add direct byte to A | 2 | 1 |
| ADD A,@Ri | Add indirect RAM to A | 1 | 1 |
| ADD A,#data | Add immediate data to A | 2 | 1 |
| ADDC A,Rn | Add register to A with Carry | 1 | 1 |
| ADDC A,direct | Add direct byte to A with Carry | 2 | 1 |
| ADDC A,@Ri | Add indirect RAM to A with Carry | 1 | 1 |
| ADDC A,#data | Add immediate data to A with Carry | 2 | 1 |
| SUBB A,Rn | Subtract register from A with Borrow | 1 | 1 |
| SUBB A,direct | Subtract direct byte from A with Borrow | 2 | 1 |
| SUBB A,@Ri | Subtract indirect RAM from A with Borrow | 1 | 1 |
| SUBB A,#data | Subtract immediate data from A with Borrow | 2 | 1 |
| INC A | Increment A | 1 | 1 |
| INC Rn | Increment register | 1 | 1 |
| INC direct | Increment direct byte | 2 | 1 |
| INC @Ri | Increment indirect RAM | 1 | 1 |
| DEC A | Decrement A | 1 | 1 |
| DEC Rn | Decrement register | 1 | 1 |
| DEC direct | Decrement direct byte | 2 | 1 |
| DEC @Ri | Decrement indirect RAM | 1 | 1 |
| INC DPTR | Increment Data Pointer | 1 | 2 |
| MUL AB | Multiply A and B (A x B => BA) | 1 | 4 |
| DIV AB | Divide A by B (A/B => A + B) | 1 | 4 |
| DA A | Decimal Adjust A | 1 | 1 |
Logical Operations
| Mnemonic | Description | Bytes | Cycles |
|---|---|---|---|
| ANL A,Rn | AND register to A | 1 | 1 |
| ANL A,direct | AND direct byte to A | 2 | 1 |
| ANL A,@Ri | AND indirect RAM to A | 1 | 1 |
| ANL A,#data | AND immediate data to A | 2 | 1 |
| ANL direct,A | AND A to direct byte | 2 | 1 |
| ANL direct,#data | AND immediate data to direct byte | 3 | 2 |
| ORL A,Rn | OR register to A | 1 | 1 |
| ORL A,direct | OR direct byte to A | 2 | 1 |
| ORL A,@Ri | OR indirect RAM to A | 1 | 1 |
| ORL A,#data | OR immediate data to A | 2 | 1 |
| ORL direct,A | OR A to direct byte | 2 | 1 |
| ORL direct,#data | OR immediate data to direct byte | 3 | 2 |
| XRL A,Rn | Exclusive-OR register to A | 1 | 1 |
| XRL A,direct | Exclusive-OR direct byte to A | 2 | 1 |
| XRL A,@Ri | Exclusive-OR indirect RAM to A | 1 | 1 |
| XRL A,#data | Exclusive-OR immediate data to A | 2 | 1 |
| XRL direct A | Exclusive-OR A to direct byte | 2 | 1 |
| XRL direct,#data | Exclusive-OR immediate data to direct byte | 3 | 2 |
| CLR A | Clear A | 1 | 1 |
| CPL A | Complement A | 1 | 1 |
| RL A | Rotate A Left | 1 | 1 |
| RLC A | Rotate A Left through Carry | 1 | 1 |
| RR A | Rotate A Right | 1 | 1 |
| RRC A | Rotate A Right through Carry | 1 | 1 |
| SWAP A | Swap nibbles within A | 1 | 1 |
Data Transfer Operations
| Mnemonic | Description | Bytes | Cycles |
|---|---|---|---|
| MOV A,Rn | Move register to A | 1 | 1 |
| MOV A,direct | Move direct byte to A | 2 | 1 |
| MOV A,@Ri | Move indirect RAM to A | 1 | 1 |
| MOV A,#data | Move immediate data to A | 2 | 1 |
| MOV Rn,A | Move A to register | 1 | 1 |
| MOV Rn,direct | Move direct byte to register | 2 | 2 |
| MOV Rn,#data | Move immediate data to register | 2 | 1 |
| MOV direct,A | Move A to direct byte | 2 | 1 |
| MOV direct,Rn | Move register to direct byte | 2 | 2 |
| MOV direct,direct | Move direct byte to direct byte | 3 | 2 |
| MOV direct,@Ri | Move indirect RAM to direct byte | 2 | 2 |
| MOV direct,#data | Move immediate data to direct byte | 3 | 2 |
| MOV @Ri,A | Move A to indirect RAM | 1 | 1 |
| MOV @Ri,direct | Move direct byte to indirect RAM | 2 | 2 |
| MOV @Ri,#data | Move immediate data to indirect RAM | 2 | 1 |
| MOV DPTR,#data16 | Load Data Pointer with 16-bit constant | 2 | 1 |
| MOVC A,@A+DPTR | Move Code byte relative to DPTR to A | 1 | 2 |
| MOVC A,@A+PC | Move Code byte relative to PC to A | 1 | 2 |
| MOVX A,@Ri | Move External RAM (8-bit addr) to A | 1 | 2 |
| MOVX A,@DPTR | Move External RAM (16-bit addr) to A | 1 | 2 |
| MOVX @Ri,A | Move A to External RAM (8-bit addr) | 1 | 2 |
| MOVX @DPTR | A Move A to External RAM (16-bit addr) | 1 | 2 |
| PUSH direct | Push direct byte onto stack | 2 | 2 |
| POP direct | Pop direct byte from stack | 2 | 2 |
| XCH A,Rn | Exchange register with A | 1 | 1 |
| XCH A,direct | Exchange direct byte with A | 2 | 1 |
| XCH A,@Ri | Exchange indirect RAM with A | 1 | 1 |
| XCHD A,@Ri | Exchange low-order Digit indirect RAM with A | 1 | 1 |
Single Bit (Boolean Variable) Operations
| Mnemonic | Description | Bytes | Cycles |
|---|---|---|---|
| CLR C | Clear Carry flag | 1 | 1 |
| CLR bit | Clear direct bit | 2 | 1 |
| SETB C | Set Carry flag | 1 | 1 |
| SETB bit | Set direct bit | 2 | 1 |
| CPL C | Complement Carry flag | 1 | 1 |
| CPL bit | Complement direct bit | 2 | 1 |
| ANL C,bit | AND direct bit to Carry flag | 2 | 2 |
| ANL C,/bit | AND complement of direct bit to Carry flag | 2 | 2 |
| ORL C,bit | OR direct bit to Carry flag | 2 | 2 |
| ORL C,/bit | OR complement of direct bit to Carry flag | 2 | 2 |
| MOV C,bit | Move direct bit to Carry flag | 2 | 1 |
| MOV bit,C | Move Carry flag to direct bit | 2 | 2 |
Program Flow Control
| Mnemonic | Description | Bytes | Cycles |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACALL addr11 | Absolute subroutine call | 2 | 2 |
| LCALL addr16 | Long subroutine call | 3 | 2 |
| RET | Return from subroutine | 1 | 2 |
| RETI | Return from interrupt | 1 | 2 |
| AJMP addr11 | Absolute Jump | 2 | 2 |
| LJMP addr16 | Long Jump | 3 | 2 |
| SJMP rel | Short Jump at relative address | 2 | 2 |
| JMP @A+DPTR | Jump indirect relative to DPTR | 1 | 2 |
| JZ rel | Jump if A is Zero | 2 | 2 |
| JNZ rel | Jump if A is Not Zero | 2 | 2 |
| JC rel | Jump if Carry flag is set | 2 | 2 |
| JNC rel | Jump if No Carry flag | 2 | 2 |
| JB bit,rel | Jump if direct Bit is set | 3 | 2 |
| JNB bit,rel | Jump if direct Bit is Not set | 3 | 2 |
| JBC bit,rel | Jump if direct Bit is set and Clear bit | 3 | 2 |
| CJNE A,direct,rel | Compare direct to A and Jump if Not Equal | 3 | 2 |
| CJNE A,#data,rel | Compare immediate to A and Jump if Not Equal | 3 | 2 |
| CJNE Rn,#data,rel | Compare immediate to register and Jump if Not Equal | 3 | 2 |
| CJNE @Ri,#data,rel | Compare immediate to indirect and Jump if Not Equal | 3 | 2 |
| DJNZ Rn,rel | Decrement register and Jump if Not Zero | 2 | 2 |
| DJNZ direct,rel | Decrement direct byte and Jump if Not Zero | 3 | 2 |
| NOP | No operation | 1 | 1 |
Notes
Rn Working register R0-R7
direct 128 internal RAM locations, any I/O port, control or status register
@Ri Indirect internal RAM location addressed by register R0 or R1
- data 8-bit constant included in instruction
- data16 16-bit constant included in instruction
bit 128 software flags, any I/O pin, control or status bit
addr16 Destination address may be anywhere in 64-kByte program address space
addr11 Destination address will be within same 2-kByte page of program address space as first byte of the following instruction
rel 8-bit offset relative to first byte of following instruction (+127, -128)
All mnemonics copyrighted (C) Intel Corporation 1979
[edit] Related processors
The 8051's predecessor, the 8048, was used in the keyboard of the first IBM PC, where it converted keypresses into the serial data stream which is sent to the main unit of the computer. The 8048 and derivatives are still used today[update] for basic model keyboards.
The 8031 was a cut down version of the original Intel 8051 that did not contain any internal program memory (ROM). To use this chip external ROM had to be added containing the program that the 8031 would fetch and execute.
The 8052 was an enhanced version of the original 8051 that featured 256 bytes of internal RAM instead of 128 bytes, 8 kiB of ROM instead of 4 kiB, and a third 16-bit timer. The 8032 had these same features except for the internal ROM program memory. The 8052 and 8032 are largely considered to be obsolete because these features and more are included in nearly all modern 8051 based microcontrollers.
Intel discontinued its MCS 51 product line in March 2007
[edit] References
- Payne, William (December 19, 1990) (in English) (hardcover). Embedded Controller Forth for the 8051 Family. Elsevier. pp. 528. ISBN 978-0125475709.
[edit] External links
- Atmel
- CAST, Inc. (8051 IP core provider)
- NXP (Philips)
- Maxim Integrated Products
- Nuvoton
- Roman-Jones FPGA Based 8051 Core
- Silicon Labs
- Texas Instruments
- STC Semiconductor (Chinese supplier of 8051-based products)
- Dolphin Integration (8051 IP provider)
- DIGITAL CORE DESIGN, DCD (8051/80390 IP core provider)
- Intel bows out, discontinues MCS 51
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This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL.
