Interleukin 9

Interleukin 9
Identifiers
Symbols	IL9; HP40; IL-9; P40
External IDs	OMIM: 146931 MGI: 96563 HomoloGene: 492 GeneCards: IL9 Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • cytokine activity • interleukin-9 receptor binding • growth factor activity Cellular component • extracellular space Biological process • inflammatory response • immune response • positive regulation of cell proliferation • positive regulation of cell growth • positive regulation of interleukin-5 biosynthetic process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	3578	16198
Ensembl	ENSG00000145839	ENSMUSG00000021538
UniProt	P15248	P15247
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000590	NM_008373
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000581	NP_032399
Location (UCSC)	Chr 5: 135.23 – 135.23 Mb	Chr 13: 56.48 – 56.48 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Interleukin 9, also known as IL9, is a cytokine (cell signalling molecule) belonging to the group of interleukins.

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine produced by T-cells and specifically by CD4+ helper cells that acts as a regulator of a variety of hematopoietic cells. This cytokine stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis. It functions through the interleukin-9 receptor (IL9R), which activates different signal transducer and activator (STAT) proteins and thus connects this cytokine to various biological processes. The gene encoding this cytokine has been identified as a candidate gene for asthma. Genetic studies on a mouse model of asthma demonstrated that this cytokine is a determining factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

Interleukin-9 has also shown to inhibit melanoma growth in mice.

Further reading

• Renauld JC, Houssiau F, Louahed J, et al. (1993). "Interleukin-9". Adv. Immunol. Advances in Immunology 54: 79–97. doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60533-7. ISBN 978-0-12-022454-8. PMID 8379467. 
• Knoops L, Renauld JC (2005). "IL-9 and its receptor: from signal transduction to tumorigenesis". Growth Factors 22 (4): 207–15. doi:10.1080/08977190410001720879. PMID 15621723. 
• Modi WS, Pollock DD, Mock BA, et al. (1991). "Regional localization of the human glutaminase (GLS) and interleukin-9 (IL9) genes by in situ hybridization". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 57 (2–3): 114–6. doi:10.1159/000133126. PMID 1680606. 
• Kelleher K, Bean K, Clark SC, et al. (1991). "Human interleukin-9: genomic sequence, chromosomal location, and sequences essential for its expression in human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-I-transformed human T cells". Blood 77 (7): 1436–41. PMID 1901233. 
• Holbrook ST, Ohls RK, Schibler KR, et al. (1991). "Effect of interleukin-9 on clonogenic maturation and cell-cycle status of fetal and adult hematopoietic progenitors". Blood 77 (10): 2129–34. PMID 1903074. 
• Merz H, Houssiau FA, Orscheschek K, et al. (1991). "Interleukin-9 expression in human malignant lymphomas: unique association with Hodgkin's disease and large cell anaplastic lymphoma". Blood 78 (5): 1311–7. PMID 1908723. 
• Renauld JC, Goethals A, Houssiau F, et al. (1990). "Human P40/IL-9. Expression in activated CD4+ T cells, genomic organization, and comparison with the mouse gene". J. Immunol. 144 (11): 4235–41. PMID 1971295. 
• Renauld JC, Goethals A, Houssiau F, et al. (1991). "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human homolog of mouse T cell and mast cell growth factor P40". Cytokine 2 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1016/1043-4666(90)90037-T. PMID 2129501. 
• Yang YC, Ricciardi S, Ciarletta A, et al. (1989). "Expression cloning of cDNA encoding a novel human hematopoietic growth factor: human homologue of murine T-cell growth factor P40". Blood 74 (6): 1880–4. PMID 2508790. 
• Yin T, Keller SR, Quelle FW, et al. (1995). "Interleukin-9 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 via JAK tyrosine kinases". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (35): 20497–502. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.35.20497. PMID 7544789. 
• Postma DS, Bleecker ER, Amelung PJ, et al. (1995). "Genetic susceptibility to asthma--bronchial hyperresponsiveness coinherited with a major gene for atopy". N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (14): 894–900. doi:10.1056/NEJM199510053331402. PMID 7666875. 
• Le Beau MM, Espinosa R, Neuman WL, et al. (1993). "Cytogenetic and molecular delineation of the smallest commonly deleted region of chromosome 5 in malignant myeloid diseases". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (12): 5484–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5484. PMC 46745. PMID 8516290. 
• Demoulin JB, Uyttenhove C, Van Roost E, et al. (1996). "A single tyrosine of the interleukin-9 (IL-9) receptor is required for STAT activation, antiapoptotic activity, and growth regulation by IL-9". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (9): 4710–6. PMC 231471. PMID 8756628. 
• Nicolaides NC, Holroyd KJ, Ewart SL, et al. (1998). "Interleukin 9: A candidate gene for asthma". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (24): 13175–80. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.24.13175. PMC 24282. PMID 9371819. 
• Demoulin JB, Van Roost E, Stevens M, et al. (1999). "Distinct roles for STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 in differentiation gene induction and apoptosis inhibition by interleukin-9". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (36): 25855–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.36.25855. PMID 10464327. 
• Lejeune D, Demoulin JB, Renauld JC (2001). "Interleukin 9 induces expression of three cytokine signal inhibitors: cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein, suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-2 and SOCS-3, but only SOCS-3 overexpression suppresses interleukin 9 signalling". Biochem. J. 353 (Pt 1): 109–116. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3530109. PMC 1221548. PMID 11115404. 
• Little FF, Cruikshank WW, Center DM (2001). "Il-9 stimulates release of chemotactic factors from human bronchial epithelial cells". Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 25 (3): 347–52. PMID 11588013. 
• Toda M, Tulic MK, Levitt RC, Hamid Q (2002). "A calcium-activated chloride channel (HCLCA1) is strongly related to IL-9 expression and mucus production in bronchial epithelium of patients with asthma". J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 109 (2): 246–50. doi:10.1067/mai.2002.121555. PMID 11842292. 
• Pilette C, Ouadrhiri Y, Van Snick J, et al. (2002). "IL-9 inhibits oxidative burst and TNF-alpha release in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes through TGF-beta". J. Immunol. 168 (8): 4103–11. PMID 11937570.