International Geophysical Year
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The International Geophysical Year (IGY) was an international scientific effort that lasted from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. It marked the end of a long period during the cold war when scientific interchange between East and West was seriously interrupted. All important countries took part with the exception of mainland China (in view of the Taiwan problem).
The IGY encompassed eleven Earth sciences: aurora and airglow, cosmic rays, geomagnetism, gravity, ionospheric physics, longitude and latitude determinations (precision mapping), meteorology, oceanography, seismology and solar activity.
Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union launched artificial satellites for this event; the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 of October 1957 was the first successful artificial satellite. Other significant achievements of the IGY included the discovery of the Van Allen Belts and the discovery of mid-ocean submarine ridges, an important confirmation of plate tectonics.[1]
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[edit] Events
International Polar Years were held in 1882–1883, 1932–1933, and 2007-2009.
In March 1950, at a gathering of eight or ten top scientists (including Lloyd Berkner, S. Fred Singer, and Harry Vestine) in James Van Allen's living room, someone suggested that with the development of new tools such as rockets, radar and computers, the time was ripe for a worldwide geophysical year.
From the March 1950 meeting, Lloyd Berkner and other participants proposed to the International Council of Scientific Unions that an International Geophysical Year (IGY) be planned for 1957—58—during the maximum solar activity.[2]
April 11, 1957, the U.S. Navy tests a satellite to an altitude of 126 mi.[3]
October 4, 1957, the USSR launches the world's first artificial satellite: Sputnik 1.
November 8, 1957, U.S. Secretary of Defense Neil McElroy instructs the U.S. Army to use a modified Jupiter-C rocket to launch a satellite as part of the IGY.[4]
January 31, 1958, the U.S. launches Explorer 1.
July 29, 1958, the U.S. creates NASA.
[edit] Antarctica
IGY triggered an eighteen-month year of Antarctic science. The International Council of Scientific Unions, a parent body, broadened the proposals from polar studies to geophysical research. More than 70 existing national scientific organizations then formed IGY committees, and participated in the cooperative effort.
Halley Research Station was founded in 1956, for IGY, by an expedition from the Royal Society. The bay where the expedition set up their base was named Halley Bay, after the astronomer Edmond Halley.
In Japan, The Antarctic exploration was planned in 1955 by Monbushō and Science and technology Agency. Japan Maritime Safety Agency offered ice breaker Sōya as the South Pole observation ship. The first Antarctic observation corps commanded by Takeshi Nagata left Japan in 1956, arriving at Antarctica on January 29, 1957. Showa Station was the first Japanese observation base on Antarctica and was set up on same day.
[edit] IGY representations in popular culture
[edit] Donald Fagen album
"I.G.Y. (International Geophysical Year)" is a track on Steely Dan founding member Donald Fagen's 1982 album, The Nightfly. The song is sung from an optimistic viewpoint during the IGY, and features references to then-futuristic concepts, such as solar power (first used in 1958), Spandex (invented in 1959), space travel for entertainment, and undersea international high speed rail.[5] The song peaked at #26 on the Billboard Hot 100.
[edit] Walt Kelly's Pogo
The International Geophysical Year is featured prominently during 1957–1958 run of Pogo comic strips by Walt Kelly. The characters in the strip refer to the scientific initiative as the "G.O. Fizzickle Year." During this run, the characters try to make their own contributions to scientific endeavours, such as putting a flea on the moon. A subsequent compilation of the strips was published by Simon & Schuster SC in 1958 as G.O. Fizzickle Pogo and later Pogo's Will Be That Was in 1979.
[edit] Punch cartoon
The IGY was featured in a cartoon by Russell Brockbank in Punch magazine in November 1956. It shows the three main superpowers UK, USA and USSR at the South Pole, each with a gathering of penguins who they are trying to educate with "culture". The penguins in the British camp are being bored with Francis Bacon; in the American camp they are happily playing baseball, whilst the Russian camp resembles a gulag, with barbed-wire fences and the penguins are made to march and perform military maneuvers.
[edit] See also
- List of Antarctic expeditions
- International Biological Program
- Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station
- International Year of Planet Earth
[edit] References & Footnotes
- ^ ESRL Global Monitoring Division
- ^ The International Geophysical Year, 1957c1958
- ^ E. Emme, ed., Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1915–1960, p. 85.
- ^ van der Linden, Frank H (November 2007), "Out of the Past", Aerospace America: p38
- ^ SteelyDan.com page: "The Nightfly lyrics".
