International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

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The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. SADR claims sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony; however, at present the SADR government controls only about 20-25% of the territory it claims.[1] It calls the territories under its control the Liberated Territories.

As of 2012, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has been recognized by 85 states. Of these, 33 have since "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition.[note 1] Notably, 84 out of 193 (43.5%) United Nations (UN) member states, 38 out of 53 (72%) African Union (AU) member states, 18 out of 57 (32%) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states, and 5 out of 22 (23%) Arab League (AL) member states have recognised SADR at some point in time. Several states that do not recognize the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile of a sovereign state.

The SADR has been a full member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest and remains the only African nation not within the AU since South Africa's admittance in 1994. The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[2][3] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[4] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation. On the other hand, Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favored by the Arab League.[5][6]

Besides Mexico, Algeria, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognized SADR, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.[7]

Contents

States which have recognized SADR [edit]

International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR):
  SADR, as claimed
  States that currently recognize SADR
  States that have "withdrawn" or "frozen" recognition of SADR[note 1]

84 UN member states and South Ossetia either currently recognize SADR or have recognized it in the past. Of these, 33 have "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition[note 1] (most recently Barbados[8]). Several of these states (mostly African countries and Caribbean or Pacific island-states) have done this as a result of Moroccan political pressures or exchanges and/or offers of economic assistance and investment.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] As of 9 July 2011, South Sudan is the most recent nation to formally recognise the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

The following lists all the states that have ever recognized the SADR.

States that currently recognize (51 UN member states and South Ossetia)
States that have "withdrawn" or "frozen" recognition[note 1] (33 UN member states)
State[note 2] Date of recognition[23][24][25][26] Diplomatic relations[note 3] Relevant membership, further details
1  Madagascar 01976-02-2828 February 1976[27] No AU; Recognition "frozen" 6 April 2005.[28][29]
2  Burundi 01976-03-011 March 1976[30] No AU; Recognition "frozen" 5 May 2006, resumed 16 June 2008,[31] but "withdrawn" 25 October 2010.[32][33]
3  Algeria 01976-03-066 March 1976[34] Yes AU, Arab League, OIC
4  Benin 01976-03-1111 March 1976[30] No AU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Benin. Recognition "withdrawn" 21 March 1997.[25][35]
5  Angola 01976-03-1111 March 1976[30] Yes AU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Angola.
6  Mozambique 01976-03-1313 March 1976[30] Yes AU, OIC; Recognized by the People's Republic of Mozambique.
7  Guinea-Bissau 01976-03-1515 March 1976 No AU, OIC; Recognition "withdrawn" 2 April 1997,[25][36] recognition resumed 26 May 2009,[37] but "withdrawn" again 30 March 2010.[38]
8  North Korea 01976-03-1616 March 1976 No —
9  Togo 01976-03-1717 March 1976 No AU, OIC. Recognition "withdrawn" 18 June 1997.[25][39]
10  Rwanda 01976-04-011 April 1976 Yes AU
11  Yemen 01977-02-022 February 1977 No Arab League, OIC; Recognition granted by People's Democratic Republic of Yemen which unified with the Yemen Arab Republic 22 May 1990.
12  Seychelles 01977-10-2525 October 1977[42] No AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 17 March 2008.[43]
13  Congo 01978-07-033 July 1978 No AU; Recognized by the People's Republic of Congo. Recognition "withdrawn" 13 September 1996.[25]
14  Sao Tome and Principe 01978-07-2222 July 1978 No AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 23 October 1996.[25]
15  Panama 01978-07-2323 July 1978 Yes —
16  Equatorial Guinea 01978-11-033 November 1978 No AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 2 May 1980.[25]
17  Tanzania 01978-11-099 November 1978 Yes AU, OIC
18  Ethiopia 01979-02-2424 February 1979 Yes AU; Recognized by the Socialist Ethiopia.
19  Vietnam 01979-03-022 March 1979 Yes —
20  Cambodia 01979-04-1010 April 1979 No Recognized by the People's Republic of Kampuchea. Recognition "withdrawn" 14 August 2006.[25]
21  Laos 01979-05-099 May 1979 Yes —
22  Afghanistan 01979-05-2323 May 1979 No AU, OIC; Recognized by the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Recognition "withdrawn" 11 July 2002.[44]
23  Cape Verde 01979-06-044 June 1979 Yes AU; Recognition "frozen" 27 July 2007,[25][45][46] resumed 6 February 2012 or before.[47][48][when?]
24  Grenada 01979-08-2020 August 1979 No Recognition "withdrawn" 16 August 2010.[49]
25  Ghana 01979-08-2424 August 1979 Yes AU; Recognition "frozen" May 2001,[25][citation needed] but resumed 2011.[50][when?]
26  Guyana 01979-09-011 September 1979 Yes OIC
27  Dominica 01979-09-011 September 1979 No Recognition "withdrawn" 22 July 2010.[51]
28  Saint Lucia 01979-09-011 September 1979 No Recognition "withdrawn" 3 March 1989,[25] after 2000 recognition resumed,[when?] but "withdrawn" again 16 August 2010.[49]
29  Jamaica 01979-09-066 September 1979 No —
30  Nicaragua 01979-09-066 September 1979 Yes Recognition "frozen" 21 July 2000,[52] but resumed 12 January 2007.[25]
31  Uganda 01979-09-066 September 1979 Yes AU, OIC
32  Mexico 01979-09-088 September 1979 Yes —
33  Lesotho 01979-10-099 October 1979 Yes AU
34  Zambia 01979-10-1212 October 1979 Yes AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 29 March 2011,[53][54] but resumed 21 November 2012.[55]
35  Cuba 01980-01-2020 January 1980 Yes —
36  Iran 01980-02-2727 February 1980[58] No OIC
37  Sierra Leone 01980-03-2727 March 1980 Yes AU, OIC; Recognition "frozen" 16 July 2003,[59] but resumed 20 June 2011.[60]
38  Syria 01980-04-1515 April 1980 No Arab League, OIC
39  Libya 01980-04-1515 April 1980 No AU, Arab League, OIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
40  Swaziland 01980-04-2828 April 1980 No AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 4 July 1997.[25]
41  Botswana 01980-05-1414 May 1980 No AU
42  Zimbabwe 01980-06-033 June 1980 Yes AU
43  Chad 01980-07-044 July 1980 Yes AU, OIC; Recognition "withdrawn" 9 May 1997,[25] but resumed 17 July 2007.[25]
44  Mali 01980-07-044 July 1980 No AU, OIC
45  Costa Rica 01980-10-3030 October 1980 No Recognition "frozen" 22 April 2000.[61][62][63]
46  Vanuatu 01980-11-2626 November 1980 Yes Recognition "withdrawn" 24 November 2000,[64][65] recognition resumed 9 August 2008.[25]
47  Papua New Guinea 01981-08-1212 August 1981 No Recognition "withdrawn" 30 March 2011.[66][67]
48  Tuvalu 01981-08-1212 August 1981 No Recognition "withdrawn" 15 September 2000.[25]
49  Kiribati 01981-08-1212 August 1981 No Recognition "withdrawn" 15 September 2000.[25]
50  Nauru 01981-08-1212 August 1981 No Recognition "withdrawn" 15 September 2000.[25]
51  Solomon Islands 01981-08-1212 August 1981 No Recognition "withdrawn" January 1989.[25]
52  Mauritius 01982-07-011 July 1982 Yes AU
53  Venezuela 01982-08-033 August 1982 Yes —
54  Suriname 01982-08-1111 August 1982 No —
55  Bolivia 01982-12-1414 December 1982 Yes —
56  Ecuador 01983-11-1414 November 1983 Yes Recognition "withdrawn" 14 June 2004,[68][69] but resumed 8 February 2006.[70]
57  Mauritania 01984-02-2727 February 1984 No AU, Arab League, OIC
58  Burkina Faso 01984-03-044 March 1984 No AU, OIC; Recognized by the Republic of Upper Volta. Recognition "withdrawn" 5 June 1996.[25]
59  Peru 01984-08-1616 August 1984 No Recognition "frozen" 9 September 1996.[71]
60  Nigeria 01984-11-1111 November 1984 Yes AU, OIC
61  Serbia 01984-11-2828 November 1984[25] No Recognition granted by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but "withdrawn" 26 October 2004 by Yugoslavia's self-declared successor state Serbia and Montenegro[72] (whose own successor state is Serbia).
62  Colombia 01985-02-2727 February 1985 No Recognition "frozen" 20 December 2000.[25][citation needed]
63  Liberia 01985-07-3131 July 1985 Yes AU; Recognition "withdrawn" 5 September 1997,[25] but resumed 30 October 2012 or before.[73][when?]
64  India 01985-10-011 October 1985 No UNSC (Jan 2011–Dec 2012); Recognition "withdrawn" 26 June 2000.[7][25]
65  Guatemala 01986-04-1010 April 1986 No Recognition "frozen" April 1998,[25][citation needed] Guatemala allegedly denied recognition of SADR July 2002.[74][citation needed]
66  Dominican Republic 01986-06-2424 June 1986 No Recognition "frozen" 23 May 2002.[25][75]
67  Trinidad and Tobago 01986-11-011 November 1986 No —
68  Belize 01986-11-1818 November 1986 Yes —
69  St. Kitts and Nevis 01987-02-2525 February 1987 No Recognition "withdrawn" 16 August 2010.[49]
70  Antigua and Barbuda 01987-02-2727 February 1987 No Recognition "withdrawn" 16 August 2010.[49]
71  Albania 01987-12-2929 December 1987 No OIC; Recognized by the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. Recognition "withdrawn" 11 November 2004.[76]
72  Barbados 01988-02-2727 February 1988 No Recognition "frozen" 12 February 2013.[8][77]
73  El Salvador 01989-07-3131 July 1989 Yes Recognition "withdrawn" April 1997,[25] then resumed 6 June 2009 or before.[78][when?]
74  Honduras 01989-11-088 November 1989 No Recognition allegedly "frozen" January 2000,[25] but this "freezing" Honduras denied February 2000.[79]
75  Namibia 01990-06-1111 June 1990 Yes AU
76  Malawi 01994-11-1616 November 1994 Yes AU; Recognition "withdrawn" June 2001,[25] resumed 1 February 2008,[25] "withdrawn" again 16 September 2008,[25][80][81] then resumed 19 April 2010 or before.[82][when?]
77  Paraguay 02000-02-099 February 2000 Yes Recognition "frozen" 25 July 2000,[25] but resumed 12 August 2008.[25]
78  St. Vincent and the Grenadines 02002-02-1414 February 2002 Yes —
79  East Timor 02002-05-2020 May 2002[83] Yes —
80  South Africa 02004-09-1515 September 2004[84] Yes AU, UNSC (Jan 2011–Dec 2012)
81  Kenya 02005-06-2525 June 2005 No AU; Diplomatic relations temporally frozen 18 October 2006,[85] recognition "frozen" 18 July 2007.[86]
82  Uruguay 02005-12-2626 December 2005 Yes —
83  Haiti 02006-11-2222 November 2006 Yes —
—  South Ossetia 02011-02-2727 February 2011[87] No
84  South Sudan 02011-07-099 July 2011[89] Yes AU

See also [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d According to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in article 6 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States: "Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable". Therefore, once one state recognizes another as a fellow sovereign state, this recognition cannot be revoked, except when one or the other ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government (for example by breaking off diplomatic relations), not of the state itself.[21][22]
  2. ^ States with limited recognition are included, but not numbered in the first column.
  3. ^ The information in this column is taken from Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
  4. ^ Such statements are interpreted as a method of implied recognition.[88]

References [edit]

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  38. ^ "Guinea Bissau withdraw its recognition of SADR and supports the autonomy initiative". ADN (in Spanish). 2010-03-30. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-09-22. 
  39. ^ Africa research bulletin: Political, social and cultural series. Blackwell: Africa Research, Ltd. 1997. Retrieved 2011-08-07. 
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  43. ^ "Seychelles withdraws recognition for SADR". AfrikNews. 2008-03-18. Retrieved 2011-08-07. 
  44. ^ Andreu Solà-Martín (2009). "Conflict resolution in Western Sahara". African Journal on Conflict Resolution (ACCORD The African centre for the constructive resolution of disputes). Retrieved 2011-08-07. 
  45. ^ Por Mario de Queiroz (2007-07-30). "Sáhara Occidental-Cabo Verde. Por un puñado de dólares" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-10-03. 
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  48. ^ "JCF recebe ministro dos negócios estrangeiros da RASD" (in Portuguese). Liberal. 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2012-10-03. 
  49. ^ a b c d "Four Caribbean states withdraw recognition of so-called SADR". Maghreb Arab Press. 2010-08-16. Retrieved 2012-09-22. 
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  58. ^ "Iranian President reiterates recognition of the Saharawi Republic". UPES. 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2012-08-22. 
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  68. ^ "Withdrawal of recognition by Ecuador". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 2004-06-14. Retrieved 2012-08-22. 
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  71. ^ Ricardo Sánchez Serra (2008-12-11). "El estoicismo del pueblo saharaui". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-08-22. 
  72. ^ "Serbia-Montenegro withdraws recognition of Sahara Republic". Arabic News. 2004-10-27. Retrieved 2012-08-22. 
  73. ^ "Indian And Spanish Ambassadors Present Letters of Credence To President Sirleaf". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Liberia. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-11-18. 
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  88. ^ Coquia, Jorge Rioflorido; Defensor-Santiago, Miriam (2005-01-01). International law and world organizations. Central Lawbook Publishing. "Some other forms have been considered as amounting to recognition, such as: (1) a message of congratulations to a new State which gained independence;" 
  89. ^ "Saharawi Republic formally recognizes Republic of South Sudan". Sahara Press Service. 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2012-08-22. 

External links [edit]

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
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Partially unrecognised UN member states
Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member
Non-UN member states recognised only by non-UN members
Non-UN member states not recognised by any state
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