Birth mass

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Birth mass and gestational age

Classifications

Large for gestational age: Mass is above the 90th percentile at gestational age Macrosomia: Mass is above a defined limit at any gestational age Appropriate for gestational age: Normal birth mass Small for gestational age: Mass is below the 10th percentile at gestational age Low birth mass: Mass is below a defined limit at any gestational age

Birth mass is the mass of a baby at its birth. It has direct links with the gestational age at which the child was born and can be estimated during the pregnancy by measuring fundal height. A baby born within the normal range of mass for that gestational age is known as appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Those born above or below that range have often had an unusual rate of development – this often indicates complications with the pregnancy that may affect the baby or its mother. The incidence of birth mass being outside of the AGA is influenced by the parents in numerous ways, including:

• Genetics
• The health of the mother, particularly during the pregnancy
• Environmental factors, including exposure of the mother to secondhand smoke^{[1], pp. 198–205}
• Other factors, like multiple births, where each baby is likely to be outside the AGA, one more so than the other

There have been numerous studies that have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between birth mass and later-life conditions, including diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking and intelligence.

Contents 1 Conditions 2 Influence on adult life 2.1 Obesity 2.2 Diabetes 2.3 Intelligence 3 Epidemiology 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Conditions

Associated conditions include:

• Large for gestational age
• Small for gestational age

[edit] Influence on adult life

Studies have been conducted to investigate how a person's birth mass can influence aspects of their future life. This includes theorised links with obesity, diabetes and intelligence.

[edit] Obesity

A baby born small or large for gestational age (either of the two extremes) is thought to have an increased risk of obesity in later life.^[2][3][4]

GH therapy at a certain dose induced catch-up of lean body mass (LBM). However percentage body fat decreased in the GH-treated subjects. Bone mineral density SDS measured by DEXA increased significantly in the GH-treated group compared to the untreated subjects, though there is much debate over whether or not SGA (small for gestational age) is significantly adverse to children to warrant inducing catch-up.^[5]

[edit] Diabetes

Babies that have a low birth mass are thought to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life.^[6][7][8]

[edit] Intelligence

Some studies have shown a direct link between an increased birth mass and an increased intelligence quotient.^[9][10][11]

[edit] Epidemiology

[edit] See also

• Barker's hypothesis
• MOMO syndrome

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• "Understanding IUGR A Parent's Guide"
• MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Intrauterine growth restriction
• Peleg D, Kennedy CM, Hunter SK (August 1998). "Intrauterine growth restriction: identification and management". Am Fam Physician 58 (2): 453–60, 466–7. PMID 9713399. http://www.aafp.org/afp/980800ap/peleg.html. 
• "Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)" at Health System, University of Virginia
• Fetal Growth Restriction at eMedicine
• "Researchers link low birth weight to lower achievement"
• "Management of Suspected Fetal Macrosomia"
• "Vit D linked to baby birth weight" at BBC News, 25 April 2006
• Born in Bradford - 2006 cohort study into the causes of low birth weight and infant mortality in Bradford, UK
• Intrauterine Growth Restriction Help - IUGR factors and solutions
• Walid MS, Astafyeva OV, Pomortsev AV (December 2007). "The IUGR prognostic scale". Arch Gynecol Obstet. 276 (6): 633–40. doi:10.1007/s00404-007-0398-1. PMID 17619893.