Iotapa

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Iotapa or Iotape also known as Iotapi (Greek: Ἰωτάπη) was the name of various queens and princesses who lived in between the 2nd century BC, 1st century BC, 1st century and 2nd century. The name Iotapa or Iotape originally derives from the name Jotapa or Jotape, which was a name of Persian origin. Iotapa or Iotape is the Greek translation of the name.

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[edit] A Contemporary Queen to Cleopatra Selene I

Iotapa was a Queen of the an unknown Kingdom in Asia who lived at the time of Greek Ptolemaic Princess Cleopatra Selene I (135 BC- 69 BC) and Greek King of the Seleucid Empire Antiochus X Eusebes who reigned 95 BC - 83 BC. Iotapa about 92 BC, sent a petition to Antiochus X about the Parthian War. In response Antiochus, had gone to fight in a military campaign against the Parthians.[1]

[edit] Daughter of King Artavasdes I of Media

Main article: Euttob

Iotapa (43 BC-?) was a princess of Media, who was of Median, Armenian and Greek descent. She was the daughter and one of the children born to King Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene, while her mother was an unnamed daughter of the Commagenean Monarchs Antiochus I Theos and Isias.[2] In 33 BC, she was engaged to her distant relative and Ptolemaic Prince Alexander Helios, son of Greek Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony. In 30 BC Iotapa left Alexandria Egypt, after Egypt was invaded by Octavian (future Roman Emperor Augustus) and his army. Iotapa returned to her father and sometime after 30 BC, she married her maternal cousin King Mithridates III of Commagene. Through this marriage, she became a Queen of Commagene and bore Mithridates, a son future prince and successor Antiochus III of Commagene and two daughters, both princesses called Iotapa. Antiochus III married one sister and the other sister married the Syrian King Sampsiceramus II of Emesa from the Royal Family of Emesa.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

[edit] Daughter of King Mithridates III of Commagene

Iotapa was a princess from the Kingdom of Commagene, who lived between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. She was the daughter of King Mithridates III of Commagene and Queen Iotapa of Commagene and was of Armenian, Greek and Medes descent.

Iotapa was most probably born, raised and educated in Samosata, the capital of the Kingdom of Commagene. Her brother was Antiochus III of Commagene, whom she married. When her father died in 12 BC, her brother succeeded their father as King of Commagene.

With Iotapa’s reign with Antiochus III, she was the last independent Queen of Commagene, as her brother ruled as the last independent King of Commagene. From her marriage to her brother, she had two children: a son, prince Antiochus IV of Commagene and a daughter, princess Iotapa.

Antiochus III died in 17, his death became unsettling for the kingdom. At the time of Antiochus’ death, Commagene was in political turmoil. The reasons for this development is unknown, however it appears at that time, their children were too young to succeed their father and there was no authority to prevent civil unrest and unite the citizens of Commagene.

From the death of Antiochus III, two factions had appeared. One faction led by noblemen wanted Commagene to be placed under the rule of the Roman Empire and the another faction led by the citizens wanted to retain the rule of the King.

The political factions from Commagene peacefully had sent embassies to Rome, seeking the advice and assistance of the Roman Emperor Tiberius, to decide the future of Commagene. When the political factions addressed the Emperor of the future of Commagene, they were in line, were with the political reality of Roman rule and were prepared to live with the decision that Tiberius made. They were also prepared to live in the rule of the Roman Empire. When the political factions had sent embassies to Rome, this marked the end of the independence of Commagene.

Tiberius decided to make Commagene a part of the Roman province of Syria. The decision that Tiberius made was welcomed by many citizens by Commagene, however some, particularly those who were supporters of the royal family were unhappy with this outcome. The whereabouts of Iotapa after the annexation of Commagene are unknown. Her children were raised and lived in Rome. In 38, the Roman Emperor Caligula restored the kingdom to her children.

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[edit] Wife of King Sampsiceramus II of Emesa

Iotapa was a princess from the Kingdom of Commagene, who lived between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. She was one of the daughters of King Mithridates III of Commagene and Queen Iotapa of Commagene. Iotapa was of Armenian, Greek and Medes descent. She was most probably born, raised and educated in Samosata, the capital of the Kingdom of Commagene.

Iotapa married the King Sampsiceramus II from the Royal family of Emesa, Syria who ruled from 14-42. Through her marriage to Sampsiceramus II, she became Queen of Emesa. Iotapa with Sampsiceramus II had four children; two daughters: Iotapa, Mamaea and two sons: Gaius Julius Azizus, Gaius Julius Sohaemus.

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[edit] Daughter of King Sampsiceramus II of Emesa

Iotapa was a Syrian Princess from the Royal family of Emesa who lived in the 1st century AD. She was the daughter of King Sampsiceramus II and Queen Iotapa who ruled Emesa. She was of Syrian, Armenian, Greek and Medes descent. Iotapa was born and raised in Emesa (modern Homs Syria). Iotapa married the Herodian Prince Aristobulus Minor, who was of Jewish, Nabataean and Edomite ancestry. He was a grandson of King of Judea, Herod the Great.

This marriage for Aristobulus Minor, was a promising marriage in dynastic terms. Iotapa and Aristobulus chose to live as private citizens in the Middle East. Iotapa and Aristobulus had a daughter called Iotapa, was born deaf and mute. Apart from their daughter, they had no further descendants.

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[edit] Daughter of King Antiochus III of Commagene

Julia Iotapa (before 17-around 52) was a princess of Commagene who lived in the 1st century AD. She was of Armenian, Greek and Medes descent. She was the daughter of the late King Antiochus III of Commagene and Queen Iotapa of Commagene. Her parents were full-blooded siblings who had married each other. She was the sister of later King Antiochus IV of Commagene. Through her ancestor from Commagene, Queen Laodice VII Thea, who was the mother of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene, she was a direct descendant of the monarchs from the Greek Syrian Kingdom the Seleucid Empire.

Iotapa and her brother appeared to be very young, when their father died in 17. Roman Emperor Tiberius agreed with the citizens of Commagene to make their Kingdom a part of the Roman province of Syria. From 17 until 38, Iotapa seems that she had gain Roman citizenship. Iotapa would have put the Latin name Julia, as a part of her name. She had lived and was raised in Rome, along with her brother. While Iotapa and Antiochus were growing up in Rome, they were a part of the remarkable court of Antonia Minor. Antonia Minor was a niece of the first Roman Emperor Augustus and the youngest daughter of triumvir Mark Antony. Antonia Minor was a very influential woman and supervised her circle of various princes and princesses. Her circle assisted in the political preservation of the Roman Empire’s borders and affairs of the client states.

The Roman Emperor Caligula returned to her and Antiochus IV their paternal dominion in 38. In addition, the emperor even enlarged their territory with a part of Cilicia bordering on the seacoast. Caligula also gave them one million gold pieces the whole amount of the revenues of Commagene during the twenty years that it had been under a Roman province. The reasons for providing a client kingdom with such vast resources remain unclear; it was perhaps a stroke of Caligula's well-attested eccentricity.

Iotapa had married her brother and became Roman Client Monarchs of Commagene. Iotapa and Antiochus IV had three children:

She appeared to have died, before Commagene, was annexed by Roman Emperor Vespasian in 72. When she died, Antiochus IV in her honor founded a town called Iotape (modern Aytap, Turkey). On coinage her royal title is in Greek ‘ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ ΙΩΤΑΠΗ ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ’, ‘ of Queen Iotape Philadelphus’. The title Philadelphus reveals to us that she is the sister-wife of Antiochus IV. This also shows her descent and claim to the Royal Cult that was established by her late ancestor Antiochus I.

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[edit] Daughter of King Antiochus IV of Commagene

Julia Iotapa or Julia Iotape (around 45-?) was a princess of the Kingdom of Commagene who lived during the 1st century. She was the daughter and youngest child of King Antiochus IV of Commagene and Queen Iotapa of Commagene, who were client monarchs who lived under the Roman Empire. Her parents were full-blooded siblings. Iotapa’s eldest brothers were princes Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes and Callinicus.

She was of Armenian, Greek and Medes descent. Through her ancestor from Commagene, Queen Laodice VII Thea, who was the mother of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene, she was a direct descendant of the Greek Syrian Kingdom the Seleucid Empire. She was most probably born, raised and educated in Samosata, the capital of the Kingdom of Commagene. Her mother died around 52 and her father raised her.

Iotapa’s father Antiochus IV, was an ally to the Roman Emperor Nero and various members of the Herodian Dynasty. Between 58-59, there was civil unrest and warfare that occurred in the Kingdom of Armenia. Majority of Armenians had abandoned resistance and wanted peace, which included in accepting a prince to be crowned by Nero to be an Armenian King. Antiochus IV had participated in protecting Armenia with the Romans from Tiridates I of Armenia.

Nero crowned as the new Armenian King in Rome a Herodian prince called Gaius Julius Tigranes. Tigranes was the son of Judean prince Alexander. Tigranes was the grandchild of Cappadocian Princess Glaphyra and prince Alexander of Judea. His great grandparents were King Archelaus of Cappadocia, King of Judea Herod the Great and his wife Mariamne.

Tigranes from his marriage had a son called Gaius Julius Alexander. After Tigranes was crowned King in Rome, his son Alexander had married Iotapa in Rome. The marriage between Alexander and Iotapa was mostly a political alliance that occurred between the fathers of Iotapa and Alexander. After the marriage of Iotapa and Alexander occurred in Rome, Nero crowned them Queen and King of Cetis, a small region in Cilicia, that was previously ruled by her father. The Roman city in Cilicia Elaiussa Sebaste was made a part of their Kingdom. Iotapa and Alexander ruled Cetis from 58 until at least 72. Iotapa was still alive when the Flavian dynasty had ruled the Roman Empire from 69-96. However after that, there is no more known on Iotapa.

Little is known on the marriage and reign of Alexander and Iotapa. Iotapa bore Alexander three children: two sons Gaius Julius Agrippa, Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus and a daughter Julia Iotapa (below). Their children were born and raised in Cetis. A possible descendant from their marriage was the usurper Jotapianus, who lived in the 3rd century.

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[edit] Wife of Galatian Roman Senator Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus

Julia Iotapa or Julia Iotape, sometimes known as Julia of Cilicia (born around 80-?) was a Cilician Princess who lived in the 1st century and 2nd century. She was the daughter to King Gaius Julius Alexander and Queen Julia Iotapa of Cetis. Her eldest brothers were Gaius Julius Agrippa and Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus.

Surviving inscriptions on her family reveal that her family were related to important members of Asian, non-Jewish and Jewish aristocracy. She was of Jewish, Nabataean, Edomite, Greek, Armenian, Medes and Persian origins. Her paternal grandparents were King Tigranes VI of Armenia and his wife Opgalli. Through Tigranes, she was a descendant of King Archelaus of Cappadocia, King of Judea Herod the Great and his wife Mariamne. Iotapa along with her family and paternal relatives were among the last known descendants of the Herodian Dynasty. She was an apostate to Judaism. It is unlikely that Iotapa attempted to exert influence on Judean Politics. Her maternal grandparents were King Antiochus IV of Commagene and Queen Julia Iotapa.

The Kingdom of Cetis was a small client state in the Roman Empire. Cetis was a small region in Cilicia that was previously ruled by her Cappadocian royal ancestors and Antiochus IV. The city in Cilicia Elaiussa Sebaste was a part of the Kingdom. When her parents married in Rome in 58, then Roman Emperor Nero crowned his parents as monarchs and gave them that region to rule. She was born, raised and educated in Cetis.

Iotapa married the Galatian Roman Senator from Anatolia, Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus. Iotapa bore Bassus a daughter called Julia Quadratilla (b. ca 100). She married to Gaius Julius Lupus Titus Vibius Varus Laevillus (ca 95 - aft. 132), Quaestor in Asia in 132.

Quadratilla and Laevillus had:

  • Aulus Julius Amyntas, Nobleman of Ephesus
  • Aulus Julius Claudius Charax (ca 115 - aft. 147), married and father of:
  • Aulus Julius Proculus (ca 120 - aft. 156), Nobleman of Ephesus, married to Claudia Basilo (b. ca 125)

A possible descendant of Iotapa and Bassus could be the usurper Jotapianus, who lived in the 3rd century.

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[edit] References

  1. ^ Burgess, Michael. "The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress – The Rise and Fall of Cleopatra II Selene, Seleukid Queen of Syria". sfagn.info. http://www.sfagn.info/information/michael_burgess.html. 
  2. ^ "Ptolemaic Dynasty - Affiliated Lines". tyndalehouse.com. http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/affilates/aff_ptolemies.htm. Retrieved 28 November 2010. 
  3. ^ Speidel, Michael Alexander. "Early Roman Rule in Commagene". Mavors-Institut für Antike Militärgeschichte. http://www.mavors.org/PDFs/Commagene.pdf. Retrieved 28 November 2010. 
  4. ^ "Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology". Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. p. 194. http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0203.html. Retrieved 28 November 2010. 
  5. ^ "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology". p. 614. http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1722.html. Retrieved 28 November 2010. 
  6. ^ "Egyptian Royal Genealogy". geocities.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20091027130953/http://geocities.com/christopherjbennett/index.htm. Retrieved 28 November 2010. 
  7. ^ "?". tyndale.cam.ac.uk. http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/ptolemies/helios.htm. [dead link]
  8. ^ "?". tyndale.cam.ac.uk. http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/egypt/ptolemies/tryphaena.htm. [dead link]
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