Isaac Newton's religious views

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Sir Isaac Newton at 46 in Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait
The life of
Isaac Newton
Early life
Middle years
Later life
Writing Principia
Religious views
Occult studies

Sir Isaac Newton (25th December,1643 - †.1727) [1] was as considered by others within his own lifetime, an insightful and erudite theologian. [2][3][4] He wrote many works that would now be classified as occult studies,and religious tracts dealing with the literal interpretation of the Bible. [5]

Newton’s conception of the physical world provided a stable model of the natural world that would reinforce stability and harmony in the civic world. Newton saw a monotheistic God as the masterful creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of the grandeur of all creation.[6][7] Although born into an Anglican family, by his thirties Newton held a Christian faith that, had it been made public, would not have been considered orthodox by mainstream Christianity;[8] in recent times he has been described as heretical to orthodoxy.[9]


Contents

[edit] Christian Orthodoxy

Newton was born into an Anglican family, his mother later re-married the Reverend of the neighbouring civil parish of North Witham. [10] Isaac apparently hated Reverend Smith and had had no relations with him during his childhood.[8] Instead his maternal uncle was involved in some part in the care of Isaac, this being the rector serving the parish of Burton Coggles, [11] Reverend Ayscough had studied previously at Trinity College. [12] Newton remained part of the Anglican establishment for the majority of his life.[citation needed]

During 1667 he was a Fellow at Cambridge ,[13] making necessary the commitment to taking holy orders within a seven year period of completion of his studies..Prior to commencing studies he was required to take a vow of celibacy together with the recognition of the 39 Articles of the establishment of the Church of England. [14] Newton considered ceasing his studies prior to completion in order to avoid the ordination made necessary by law of King Charles II for all graduates. [15][1] He later capitulated to his desire for exemption from the binding of the statute, in some way assisted in this by the efforts of Isaac Barrow, when in 1676 the then State Secretary Joseph Williamson changed the relevant statute of Trinity college to provide dispensation from this duty.[14] Having foregone these duties he embarked on an investigative study of the early history of the Church, during the 1680's suceeding into inquiries of the origins of religion instead, at about the same time as having developed a scientific view on motion and matter. [15] Of Principia first published in 1687 he stated

“ When I wrote my treatise about our Systeme I had an eye upon such Principles as might work with considering men for the beliefe of a Deity and nothing can rejoyce me more then to find it usefull for that purpose [16] ”

Newton's private religious views were not in line with Anglican doctrine,[citation needed] having in some way rejected church doctrine as being in some way false. His religious views developed as a result of participation in an investigative discourse with Nature (the nature of the world) and developed from the apparent dichotomy formed of Biblical reality from the increasing revealing of the structure of reality from investigation, and the subsequent challenges these truths of nature posed toward established religion for Newton, especially in light of Christian scriptural belief. [17][18] Unorthodoxy was made necessary for Newton and those affiliated with him, by the need for rediscovery of a prisca truth that had been hidden somewhere in the time of classical history. [19] By this they might have the capacity to engage in open dialogue with an investigation into Nature. In this conflict of ecclesiastical order and the liberating effects of scientific enquiry , he and others turned to the prisca in all the security of a classical civilization having been supposedly founded on bona fide insights. [20] So the truth for themselves lay within the perception of reality attained by Pythagorus and communicated , supposedly in a secret way, to a specific sciona of people. [21] As is found among some of the established intellectuals of the Renaissance age, Newton believed that ancient philosophers and religious persons had gained insight into the truth of the nature of the world and universe, but for the fact of this truth having become hidden within the language of the recording of the truth at the time and by later medieval scholars (Albertus Magnus, Arnold of Villanova and Roger Bacon) that required deciphering in order to be understood. The belief in the wisdom of the ancients, that thinking was intelligent and knowing in the civilization of classical religious figures (Jesus of Nazareth , the prophet Isiah and Solomon ) and writers (Plato and Democritus) is known as prisca sapientia. [1] Like many contemporaries (e.g., Thomas Aikenhead) he lived with the threat of severe punishment if he had been open about his religious beliefs. Heresy was a crime that could have been punishable by the loss of all property and status or even death (see, e.g., the Blasphemy Act 1697). Because of his secrecy over his religious beliefs, Newton has been described as a Nicodemite.[9]

According to most scholars, Newton was Arian, not holding to Trinitarianism.[9][22][23] 'In Newton's eyes, worshipping Christ as God was idolatry, to him the fundamental sin'.[24] As well as being antitrinitarian, Newton allegedly rejected the orthodox doctrines of the immortal soul,[9] a personal devil and literal demons.[9] Although he was not a Socinian he shared many similar beliefs with them.[9] A manuscript he sent to John Locke in which he disputed the existence of the Trinity was never published.In a minority view, T.C. Pfizenmaier argued Newton was neither "orthodox" nor an Arian,[25] but that, rather, Newton believed both of these groups had wandered into metaphysical speculation.[26] Pfizenmaier also argued that Newton held closer to the Eastern Orthodox view of the Trinity rather than the Western one held by Roman Catholics and Protestants.[26] However, S. D. Snobelen has argued against this from manuscripts produced late in Newton's life which demonstrate Newton rejected the Eastern view of the Trinity.[9]

Anyway Newton refused viaticum when at the time of his finally becoming deceased..[8]

[edit] God as masterful creator

Newton saw God as the masterful creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of the grandeur of all creation.[27] Nevertheless he rejected Leibniz' thesis that God would necessarily make a perfect world which requires no intervention from the creator. In Query 31 of the Opticks, Newton simultaneously made an argument from design and for the necessity of intervention:

“ For while comets move in very eccentric orbs in all manner of positions, blind fate could never make all the planets move one and the same way in orbs concentric, some inconsiderable irregularities excepted which may have arisen from the mutual actions of comets and planets on one another, and which will be apt to increase, till this system wants a reformation.[28] ”

This passage prompted an attack by Leibniz in a letter to his friend Caroline of Ansbach:

“ Sir Isaac Newton and his followers have also a very odd opinion concerning the work of God. According to their doctrine, God Almighty wants to wind up his watch from time to time: otherwise it would cease to move. He had not, it seems, sufficient foresight to make it a perpetual motion.[29] ”

Leibniz' letter initiated the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence, ostensibly with Newton's friend and disciple Samuel Clarke, although as Caroline wrote, Clarke's letters

“ are not written without the advice of the Chev. Newton..[30] ”

Clarke complained that Leibniz' concept of God as a "supra-mundane intelligence" who set up a "pre-established harmony" was only a step from atheism:[31]

“ "And as those men, who pretend that in an earthly government things may go on perfectly well without the king himself ordering or disposing of any thing, may reasonably be suspected that they would like very well to set the king aside: so, whosoever contends, that the beings of the world can go on without the continual direction of God...his doctrine does in effect tend to exclude God out of the world". [31] ”

In addition to stepping in to re-form the solar system, Newton invoked God's active intervention to prevent the stars falling in on each other, and perhaps in preventing the amount of motion in the universe from decaying due to viscosity and friction.[32] In private correspondence Newton sometimes hinted that the force of Gravity was due to an immaterial influence:

“ Tis inconceivable that inanimate brute matter should (without the mediation of something else which is not material) operate upon & affect other matter without mutual contact.[33] ”

Leibniz jibed that such an immaterial influence would be a continual miracle; this was another strand of his debate with Clarke. Newton's view has been considered to be close to deism but differed in that he invoked God as a special physical cause to keep the planets in orbits.[22] He warned against using the law of gravity to view the universe as a mere machine, like a great clock. Of this he stated:

“ Gravity explains the motions of the planets, but it cannot explain who set the planets in motion. God governs all things and knows all that is or can be done.[34]
“ This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets, could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent Being. [...] This Being governs all things, not as the soul of the world, but as Lord over all; and on account of his dominion he is wont to be called "Lord God" παντοκρατωρ [pantokratōr], or "Universal Ruler". [...] The Supreme God is a Being eternal, infinite, [and] absolutely perfect.[6] ”

Opposition to godliness is atheism in profession and idolatry in practice. Atheism is so senseless and odious to mankind that it never had many professors.[35]

 ”

On the other hand, latitudinarian and Newtonian ideas taken too far resulted in the millenarians, a religious faction dedicated to the concept of a mechanical universe, finding in it the same enthusiasm and mysticism that the Enlightenment had fought so hard to extinguish.[36] Newton himself may have had some interest in millenarianism as he wrote about both the Book of Daniel and the Book of Revelation in his essay Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John . In a manuscript he wrote in 1704 in which he describes his attempts to extract scientific information from the Bible, he estimated that the world could end on 2060. In predicting this he said,

“ This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail."[37] ”

Newton’s conception of the physical world provided a stable model of the natural world that would reinforce stability and harmony in the civic world.[36]

[edit] The Bible

Though he is better known for his love of science, the Bible was another of Sir Isaac Newton's passions. He devoted more time to the study of Scripture than to science,

“ I have a fundamental belief in the Bible as the Word of God, written by those who were inspired. I study the Bible daily [34] ”

He spent a great deal of time trying to discover hidden messages within the Bible. After 1690, Newton wrote a number of religious tracts dealing with the literal interpretation of the Bible. In a manuscript Newton wrote in 1704 in which he describes his attempts to extract scientific information from the Bible, he estimated that the world would end no earlier than 2060. In predicting this he said,

“ This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophesies into discredit as often as their predictions fail.[37] ”


[edit] Prophecy

Unlike a prophet in the classical sense of the word, Newton relied upon existing Scripture to prophecy for him, believing his interpretations would set the record straight in the face of what he considered to be, "so little understood".[38]

Though he would never write a cohesive body of work on Prophecy, Newton's beliefs would lead him to write several treatises on the subject, including an unpublished guide for prophetic interpretation entitled, Rules for interpreting the words & language in Scripture. In this manuscript he details the necessary requirements for what he considered to be the proper interpretation of the Bible.

He used the book of Daniel and Revelation to work out the dates he used

[edit] The End of the World

In his posthumously-published Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John, Newton expressed his belief that Bible prophecy would not be understood "until the time of the end", and that even then "none of the wicked shall understand". Referring to that as a future time ("the last age, the age of opening these things, be now approaching"), Newton also anticipated "the general preaching of the Gospel be approaching" and "the Gospel must first be preached in all nations before the great tribulation, and end of the world".[39]

Over the years, a large amount of media attention and public interest has circulated regarding largely unknown and unpublished documents, evidently written by Isaac Newton, that indicate he believed the world could end in 2060 AD. (Newton also had many other possible dates e.g. 2034)[40] The juxtaposition of Newton, popularly seen by some as the embodiment of scientific rationality, with a seemingly irrational prediction of the "end of the world" would invariably lend itself to cultural sensationalism.

To understand the reasoning behind the 2060 prediction, an understanding of Newton's theological beliefs should be taken into account, particularly his nontrinitarian beliefs and those negative views he held about the Papacy. Both of these lay essential to his calculations, which are themselves based upon specific chronological dates which he believed had already transpired and had been prophesied within Revelation and Daniel, books within the Christian Bible.

Despite the dramatic nature of a prediction of the end of the world, Newton may not have been referring to the 2060 date as a destructive act resulting in the annihilation of the earth and its inhabitants, but rather one in which he believed the world was to be replaced with a new one based upon a transition to an era of divinely inspired peace. In Christian theology, this concept is often referred to as The Second Coming of Jesus Christ and the establishment of Paradise by The Kingdom of God on Earth.[40] In Judaism it is often referred to as the Messianic era or the "Yamei Moshiach" (Days of the Messiah).

[edit] Other beliefs

Main article: Isaac Newton's occult studies
Newton's grave in Westminster Abbey

Henry More's belief in the universe and rejection of Cartesian dualism may have influenced Newton's religious ideas. Later works — The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728) and Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John (1733) — were published after his death.[41]

Newton and Boyle’s mechanical philosophy was promoted by rationalist pamphleteers as a viable alternative to the pantheists and enthusiasts, and was accepted hesitantly by orthodox clergy as well as dissident preachers like the latitudinarians.[36] The clarity and simplicity of science was seen as a way in which to combat the emotional and mystical superlatives of superstitious enthusiasm, as well as the threat of atheism.[36]

The attacks made against pre-Enlightenment magical thinking, and the mystical elements of Christianity, were given their foundation with Boyle’s mechanical conception of the universe. Newton gave Boyle’s ideas their completion through mathematical proofs, and more importantly was very successful in popularizing them.[41] Newton refashioned the world governed by an interventionist God into a world crafted by a God that designs along rational and universal principles.[42] These principles were available for all people to discover, allowed man to pursue his own aims fruitfully in this life, not the next, and to perfect himself with his own rational powers.[43]

[edit] Writings (University of Sussex Project)

His first writing on the subject of religion was Introductio. Continens Apocalypseos rationem generalem [ Innovation / Introduction. Continuous Revelations - general account - [44]] having an unnumbered leaf between folio 1 and 2 with the subheading De prophetia prima,[45] written in Latin some time prior to 1670. Written subsequently in English, Notes on early Church history and the moral superiority of the 'barbarians' to the Romans. His last writing was in 1737 entitled A Dissertation upon the Sacred Cubit of the Jews and the Cubits of the several Nations. [4] Newton did not publish any of his works of Biblical study during the time he was alive. [46][3] All of Newton's writings on corruption within biblical scripture and the church took place after the late 1670's and prior to the mid part of 1690. [3]


Introductio. Continens Apocalypseos rationem generalem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ c. 6,207 words, 21 pp. on 20 ff. of which 2 blank and one unnumbered. NLI ]- [1]

Notes on early Church history and the moral superiority of the 'barbarians' to the Romans - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ in English, c. 1,074 words, 4 pp. on 2 ff. NLI ]- [2]

Fragment on Church history, drawn mainly from the Annales of Baronius - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ in Latin - c. 300 words, 1 pp. HL]----[3]

Notes on Biblical chronology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ Latin - c. 500 words, 2 pp. on 1 f. HL] - [4]

Ex Marci Maximi Cæsaraugustani in Hispanijs Episcopi Chronico - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ in Latin - c. 500 words, 2 pp. TC]- [5]

Notes from Petavius on the Nicene Council - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ 1670s in Latin - c. 12,723 words, 52 pp. KC]- [6]

Untitled treatise on Revelation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ c 1670s-1680s, mainly in English but with many passages in Latin and citations in Greek, c. 327,362 words, c. 650 ff. NLI]- [7]

Exposition of 2 Kings 17:15-16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ 1670s in English - c. 6,179 words, 18 pp. on 15 ff. NLI]- [8]

Part of an exposition of 2 Kings, 17:15-16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1670s in English - c. 1,666 words, 4 pp. on 2 ff. HL]- [9]

Exposition of 2 Kings 17:15-16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1670s (in English) c. 2,408 words, 8 pp. HRRC ]- [10]

Tuba Quarta ('The Fourth Trumpet') - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ c 1675-80,in Latin, c. 4,479 words, 21 pp. KC ]- [11]

Theological notes. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ Three parts - (part 3 -late 1670s) (parts 1-2 post-1700), - in Latin, c. 13,249 words, 49 pp. on 32 ff. NLI ]- [12]

Fragments on the kingdoms of the European tribes, the Temple and the history of Jewish and Christian Churches

  • Jottings on chronology
  • Notes on Roman and Church history,
  • Notes on Villalpando
  • Notes from Buxtorf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ c 1675-85, mainly in Latin, with some English, Greek and Hebrew, c. 25,125 words, 43 ff.is located at the NLI ]- [13]

Fragment on Church history, mainly concerning Athanasius - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ c 1675-1685, in Latin, c. 2,502 words, 7 pp. on 4 ff. Located at the NLI ]- [14]

Various texts on Revelation, Solomon's Temple and Church history.

  • Treatise on the symbolism of Biblical prophecy (Section 1),
  • Quod Bestia bicornis locuta sit ut Draco ('That the two-horned Beast spake as a Dragon'),
  • Drafts towards a history of the Church (Section 2) ,
  • Drafts concerning Solomon's Temple and the sacred cubit,
  • Draft account of the symbolism of Revelation,
  • Drafts on early Church history - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ written during the late 1670s to the 1690s in English and Latin, c. 109,567 words, 262 ff.is NLI ]- [15]

Treatise on Church history - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ late 1670s, in Latin, c. 12,769 words, 49 pp. on 36 ff. of which one blank. NLI ]-[16]

Proœmium and first chapter of a treatise on Church history - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{c 1680s-1690s,in Latin, c. 11,836 words, 47 ff. NLI]-[17]


Three bundles of notes for a work on the ancients' physico-theology, related to 'Theologiæ Gentilis Origines Philosophicæ'

  • Notes on ancient religions
  • Notes and drafts relating to 'Theologiæ Gentilis Origines Philosophicæ'
  • Notes on ancient religions- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1680s and early 1690s, mostly Latin with some English, about 51,358 words, 60 ff. , NLI ]- [18]


Notes on Greek, Roman and Egyptian deities- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{written during the 1680s, in Latin, c. 992 words, 2 pp. on 1 f., NLI ]- [19]

Prophesies concerning Christs 2d coming - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ early 1680s, in English & Latin with quotations in Greek and Hebrew, c. 19,367 words, 40 pp. on 5 quarto signatures, AU]-[20]

Correspondence with Thomas Burnet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ 13 January 1681 and later, in English, c. 7,295 , KC ]-[21]

Copy letter from Isaac Newton to Thomas Burnet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{After 13 January 1680/1, in English, c. 3,421 words, KC ]- [22]

Treatise on Revelation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - {(in three parts) mid-late 1680s, mainly in English, c. 134,856 words, 250 ff., NLI ]- [23]

Theological Notebook - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{(in two parts)c 1684-90, English & Latin with some quotations from Greek, c. 67,314 words, 132 pp., KC ]-[24]

Two incomplete treatises on prophecy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{c mid-1680s and c 1705-10, in English with Latin citations, c. 85,137 words, 157 pp., KC ]-[25]

Rough draft portions of and notes for 'Theologiæ Gentilis Origines Philosophicæ' and 'The Original of Monarchies'

  • Rough notes for 'Theologiæ Gentilis Origines Philosophicæ'
  • Miscellaneous draft portions of 'Theologiæ Gentilis Origines Philosophicæ'- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{mainly 1684-90, mainly in Latin with some English, c. 49,100 words, 131 pp., NLI]-[26]


Notes on ancient history and mythology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1684 or later, mainly in Latin with some English, Greek and Hebrew, c. 6,735 words, 23 pp.. APS ]-[27]

De Gravitatione et æquipondio fluidorum (on the gravity and equilibrium of fluids [47]) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{c mid-1680s, in Latin, c. 9,428 words, 40 pp.. CUL ][28]

Copies of second and third 'professions of faith by early Church Councils- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ late 1680s, in Latin, c. 3,025 words, 8 pp. on 6 ff. of which one blank. , NLI ][29]

An Account of the Systeme of the World described in Mr Newton's Mathematicall Principles of Philosophy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1687 or later, in English, c. 1,281 words, 4 pp on 4 folios , CUL][30]

Paradoxical Questions concerning the morals & actions of Athanasius & his followers' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{c early 1690s, in English, c. 20,963 words, 61 pp. on 31 ff. + 1 f. blank., KC][31]

Draft chapters of a treatise on the origin of religion and its corruption - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{c early 1690s, mainly in English, c. 28,550 words, 47 pp. on 29 ff., NLI ][32]

Various drafts and copies of the Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture and related material. (in seven parts) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1690-91, c. 45,405 words, NC ][33]

Notes from Ralph Cudworth on Plutarch and the 'Persian or Zoroastrian trinity' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - {c early 1690s, in English with quotations in Greek, c. 272 words, 1 p., TC][34]

Paradoxical Questions concerning the morals & actions of Athanasius & his followers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - {c. early 1690s, in English, c. 53,792 words, 83 ff. WACM] [35]

Prolegomena ad lexici prophetici partem secundam in quibus agitur De forma sanctuarij Iudaici (Translated as Introduction to speech prophetic functioning second which was made of the form of the Jewish sanctuary, a Treatise on the Temple of Solomon [48])- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{considered to have been written almost certainly after 1690, possibly much later, in Latin, c. 24,724 words, 84 pp. on 75 ff., HL ] [36]

'Notes on the Temple of Solomon and a tabular comparison of measurement systems - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - {probably after 1690, in Latin with a few words in Hebrew, c. 1,237 words, 2 pp. on 1 f , HRRC] [37]

Draft notes on Athanasian doctrines - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{c early 1690s, in Latin, c. 1,735 words, 4 pp. on 2 ff. HL ] [38]

Original letter from Isaac Newton to Richard Bentley, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{dated 10 December 1692 10 December 1692, in English, c. 1,626 words, TC] [39]

Variantes Lectiones Apocalypticæ

  • 'Variantes Lectiones Apocalypticae' (version 1)
  • 'Variantes Lectiones Apocalypticae' (version 2) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1693 and earlier, in Latin and Greek, c. 34,758 words, 105 pp., NLI] [40]

Fragment on the history of apostasy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{mid 1690s, in English, c. 4,618 words, 7 pp. on 5 ff. of which one blank, NLI] [41]

Original letter from Isaac Newton to Richard Bentley, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ 17 January 1692/3, in English, c. 1,331 words, TC] [42]

Original letter from Isaac Newton to Richard Bentley, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ 11 February 1692/3, in English, c. 367 words, TC] [43]

Original letter from Isaac Newton to Richard Bentley - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1692/3, in English, c. 1,509 words, TC] [44]

Papers relating to chronology and 'Theologiæ Gentilis Origines Philosophicæ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{After 1693, mainly in English with some Latin, c. 265,251 words, 275 ff., NC] [45]

Miscellaneous notes on history, chronology and theology, preceded by a draft letter to 'Io. Lacy' undated, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{in Latin and English, c. 3,059 words, 8 pp. on 4 ff. NLI] [46]

Proposals concerning calendar reform

  • Three drafts of 'Considerations about rectifying the Iulian Kalendar' and an unrelated alchemical recipe
  • 'The use of the Kalendar for finding the Lords day & the Moveable Feasts'
  • Draft proposals for rectifying the Julian calendar
  • Draft proposals for calendar reform
  • 'Regulæ pro determinatione Paschæ' (draft and fair copy)
  • Two drafts of a letter on calendar reform, with extraneous material concerning chronology and the Temple of Zerubbabel
  • Draft letter concerning ancient calendars
  • Notes on Jewish chronology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1699 and later, mainly in English with some Latin, c. 19,292 words, 30 ff. of which 4 blank., NLI ] [47]

[edit] writings of 1700 and after

Twenty-three queries about the word ὁμοούσιος - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{early 1700s, in English, c. 996 words, 3 pp. on 2 ff. , KC] [48] see : Homoousion


The Original of Monarchies - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1701-2, in English, c. 13,104 words, 30 pp.Located at King's College, Cambridge, UK] [49]


The synchronisms of the three parts of the prophetick Interpretation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{after 1700, in English, c. 14,288 words, 19 pp. on 20 ff. of which one blank., NLI] [50]


Notes on prophecies - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{ four parts - post-1700, mainly in English, c. 15,630 words, 33 pp. , NLI ][51]


Drafts of the 'Short Chronicle' and 'Original of Monarchies

  • Cataloguer's Notes for New College Oxford Ms. 361(1)
  • John Conduitt's description of Newton's draft of 'The Original of Monarchies'
  • Scheme of the contents of 'The Original of Monarchies'
  • Drafts of various parts of 'The Original of Monarchies' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1701-2 and later, in English with some Latin, c. 48,810 words, 225 ff., NC] [52]


Expanded Latin translation of the first part of 'Two Notable Corruptions' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1709, in Latin, c. 12,018 words, 98 pp. on 54 ff. plus a loose sheet., NLI ] [53]


Drafts on the history of the Church - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{(seven sections) 1710s, mainly in English with citations in Latin, c. 241,807 words, 338 pp. on 193 ff., NLI] [54]


Draft notes on early Church rites and the Creed probably - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1710 or later, in English, c. 1,841 words, 4 pp. on 2 ff., HL] [55]


Fragmentary draft on the chief rulers of ancient synagogues - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1710 or later, in English, c. 928 words, 1 p., HL] [56]

Irenicum, or Ecclesiastical Polyty tending to Peace - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{post-1710, in English, c. 22,523 words, 40 pp., KC ] [57]

Seven Statements on Religionpost - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1710, in English, c. 608 words, 1 p., KC ] [58]

A short Schem of the true Religion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{post-1710, in English, c. 3,324 words, 4 pp. , KC] [59]

Twelve articles on religionpost - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -{1710, in English, c. 491 words, 1 p., KC] [60]

Three paragraphs on religion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -{-with drafts post-1710, in English with some Latin, c. 2,222 words, 5 pp., KC ] [61]


Draft passages on chronology and biblical history - Draft sections of the 'Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended' and of a treatise on Daniel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{after 1710, in English with quotations in Greek, Latin and Hebrew, c. 37,685 words, c. 450 pp. on 409 ff. Located at the National Library of Israel] [62]


Seven drafts of Newton's defence of the Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{after 11 November 1725, in English with some French, c. 15,241 words, 23 pp., with related notes, 7 pp. (20 ff. in all) , NLI ] [63]


The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (London: 1728)

  • Front Matter to The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (1728)
  • A Short Chronicle from the First Memory of Things in Europe, to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great
  • Chapter 1: Of the Chronology of the First Ages of the Greeks
  • Chapter 2: Of the Empire of Egypt.
  • Chapter 3: Of the Assyrian Empire
  • Chapter 4: Of the two Contemporary Empires of the Babylonians and Medes
  • Chapter 5: A Description of the Temple of Solomon
  • Chapter 6: Of the Empire of the Persians- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1728, in English, c. 86,940 words Published in: The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended (London: 1728).][64]


Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John (London: 1733) -Front Matter to Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel,

  • Part I, Chapter I: Introduction concerning the Compilers of the books of the Old Testament
  • II: Of the Prophetic Language
  • III: Of the vision of the Image composed of four Metals
  • IV: Of the vision of the four Beasts
  • V: Of the Kingdoms represented by the feet of the Image composed of iron and clay
  • VI: Of the ten Kingdoms represented by the ten horns of the fourth Beast
  • VII: Of the eleventh horn of Daniel's fourth Beast
  • VIII: Of the power of the eleventh horn of Daniel's fourth Beast, to change times and laws
  • IX: Of the kingdoms represented in Daniel by the Ram and He-Goat
  • X: Of the Prophecy of the Seventy Weeks
  • XI: Of the Times of the Birth and Passion of Christ
  • XII: Of the Prophecy of the Scripture of Truth
  • XIII: Of the King who did according to his will, and magnified himself above every God, and honoured Mahuzzims, and regarded not the desire of women
  • XIV: Of the Mahuzzims, honoured by the King who doth according to his will
  • Part II, Chapter I: Introduction, concerning the time when the Apocalypse was written
  • II: Of the relation which the Apocalypse of John hath to the Book of the Law of Moses, and to the worship of God in the Temple
  • III: Of the relation which the Prophecy of John hath to those of Daniel; and of the Subject of the Prophecy - - - - - - - - - - - -{1733, in English, c. 71,157 words Published in: Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John (London: 1733).] [65] (also [49])

A Dissertation upon the Sacred Cubit of the Jews and the Cubits of the several Nations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -{1737, in English, c. 6,185 words] [66]

[edit] Key of location of the original texts

TC - Trinity College Library , NLI - National Library of Israel , HL - Grace C.Babson Collection; [50] Huntington Library , KC - King's College, Cambridge , HRRC - Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas , APS - American Philosophical Society , CUL - Cambridge University Library , NC - New College, Oxford , WACM - William Andrews Clark Memorial Library , AU - James White Library, Andrews University

[edit] See also

Book icon Book: Isaac Newton
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c Gale E. Christianson Isaac Newton and the scientific revolution. - 155 pages Oxford portraits in science Oxford University Press, 19 Sep 1996. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O61ypNXvNkUC&pg=PA74&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-28.  ISBN 0195092244
  2. ^ Isaac Newton on Science and Religion - William H. Austin - Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 31, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1970), pp. 521-542 (article consists of 22 pages) University of Pennsylvania Press Retrieved 2012-01-28
  3. ^ a b c [ENGLISH & LATIN] "The Newton Project Newton's Views on the Corruptions of Scripture and the Church". http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=73. Retrieved 2012-01-28. 
  4. ^ a b Professor Rob Iliffe (AHRC Newton Papers Project) THE NEWTON PROJECT - Newton's Religious Writings [ENGLISH & LATIN] prism.php44. University of Sussex. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=44. Retrieved 2012-01-28. 
  5. ^ "Newton's Views on Prophecy". The Newton Project. 2007-04-05. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=74. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  6. ^ a b Principia, Book III; cited in; Newton’s Philosophy of Nature: Selections from his writings, p. 42, ed. H.S. Thayer, Hafner Library of Classics, NY, 1953.
  7. ^ A Short Scheme of the True Religion, manuscript quoted in Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton by Sir David Brewster, Edinburgh, 1850; cited in; ibid, p. 65.
  8. ^ a b c Richard S. Westfall - Indiana University The Galileo Project. (Rice University). http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/newton.html. Retrieved 2008-07-05 , 2012-02-07. 
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Snobelen, Stephen D. (1999). "Isaac Newton, heretic : the strategies of a Nicodemite" (PDF). British Journal for the History of Science 32 (4): 381–419. doi:10.1017/S0007087499003751. http://www.isaac-newton.org/heretic.pdf. 
  10. ^ John Bowyer Nichols - Illustrations of the literary history of the eighteenth century: Consisting of authentic memoirs and original letters of eminent persons; and intended as a sequel to the Literary anecdotes, Volume 4 (Google eBook) Printed, by Nichols, Son, and Bentley 1822, Retrieved 2012-02-07
  11. ^ C. D. Broad 1952 - Ethics and the history of philosophy: selected essays, Volume 1 Routledge, 30 Nov 2000 ISBN 0415225302Retrieved 2012-02-08
  12. ^ Gresham Collegelectures-and-events Retrieved 2012-02-08
  13. ^ Cambridge University Alumni Database Retrieved 2012-01-29
  14. ^ a b Professor Rob Iliffe (AHRC Newton Papers Project) THE NEWTON PROJECT prism.php15. University of Sussex. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15. Retrieved 2012-02-07. 
  15. ^ a b Cambridge University Library .ac. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8bhDeW5cfrYJ:www.lib.cam.ac.uk/exhibitions/Footprints_of_the_Lion/scholar.pdf+Newton+on+Maimonides&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgKghLb5qt9p3T_uupTyiiQnW__s-6Bx0xOZrHx4H3wChat3we54G4ciNJ2I7D_O69Rl_w7B12E_R0-VjP1tUOrJlF88_maweWYap1SQeK5bOj5e9jipxm9mSbrPhnRiDch9mlK&sig=AHIEtbSJEIrnGcjqkfWUiIfmCafcyyQJfA. Retrieved 2012-01-29. 
  16. ^ S.D.Snobelen (University of King's College) - To Discourse of God : Isaac Newton's Heterdox Theology and Natural Philosophy Nova Scotia Retrieved 2012-01-29
  17. ^ Matt Goldish 1998 - Judaism in the theology of Sir Isaac Newton - 239 pages Volume 157 of Archives internationales d'histoire des idées Springer, 1998 Retrieved 2012-01-28 ISBN 0792349962
  18. ^ Christianity Today International - archives Retrieved 2012-01-28
  19. ^ David Boyd Haycock 2004 - 'The long lost truth' Sir Isaac Newton and the Newtonian pursuit of long lost knowledge Elsevier 2004 Retrieved 2012-01-29
  20. ^ Alfred Rupert Hall - Isaac Newton Centre for Mathematical Sciences Retrieved 2012-01-29
  21. ^ Hilary Gatti - Giordano Bruno and Renaissance science - 257 pages Cornell University Press, 2002 (Google ebook) & Niccolò Guicciardini Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Mathematical Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736 - 292 pages Cambridge University Press, 30 Oct 2003 (Google ebook) Retrieved 2012-01-29
  22. ^ a b Avery Cardinal Dulles. The Deist Minimum. 2005.
  23. ^ Richard Westfall, Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton, (1980) pp. 103, 25.
  24. ^ Westfall, Richard S. (1994). The Life of Isaac Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521477379. 
  25. ^ Pfizenmaier, T.C, "The Trinitarian Theology of Dr. Samuel Clarke" (1675-1729)
  26. ^ a b Pfizenmaier, T.C., "Was Isaac Newton an Arian?" Journal of the History of Ideas 68(1):57–80, 1997.
  27. ^ Webb, R.K. ed. Knud Haakonssen. “The emergence of Rational Dissent.” Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1996. p19.
  28. ^ Newton, 1706 Opticks (2nd Edition), quoted in H. G. Alexander 1956 (ed): The Leibniz-Clarke correspondence, University of Manchester Press.
  29. ^ Leibniz, first letter, in Alexander 1956, p. 11
  30. ^ Caroline to Leibniz, 10th Jan 1716, quoted in Alexander 1956, p. 193. (Chev. = Chevalier i.e. Knight.)
  31. ^ a b Clarke, first reply, in Alexander 1956 p. 14 Clarke, first reply, in Alexander 1956 p. 14. 
  32. ^ H.W. Alexander 1956, p. xvii
  33. ^ Newton to Bentley, 25 Feb 1693
  34. ^ a b John H. Tiner. Isaac Newton: Inventor, Scientist and Teacher. Mott Media. ISBN 0-91513406-3. 
  35. ^ Brewster, Sir David. A Short Scheme of the True Religion, manuscript quoted in Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton Edinburgh, 1850.
  36. ^ a b c d Jacob, Margaret C. The Newtonians and the English Revolution: 1689-1720.
  37. ^ a b "Papers Show Isaac Newton's Religious Side, Predict Date of Apocalypse". Associated Press. 19 June 2007. http://www.christianpost.com/article/20070619/28049_Papers_Show_Isaac_Newton%27s_Religious_Side%2C_Predict_Date_of_Apocalypse.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-01. 
  38. ^ Newton, Isaac (2007-04-05). "The First Book Concerning the Language of the Prophets". The Newton Project. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=THEM00005&mode=normalized. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  39. ^ Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John by Sir Isaac Newton, 1733, J. DARBY and T. BROWNE, Online
  40. ^ a b Snobelen, Stephen D. "A time and times and the dividing of time: Isaac Newton, the Apocalypse and 2060 A.D.". http://www.isaac-newton.org/newton_2060.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  41. ^ a b Westfall, Richard S. (1973) [1964]. Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England. U of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-047206190-7. 
  42. ^ Fitzpatrick, Martin. ed. Knud Haakonssen. “The Enlightenment, politics and providence: some Scottish and English comparisons.” Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in eighteenth-century Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1996. p64.
  43. ^ Frankel, Charles. The Faith of Reason: The Idea of Progress in the French Enlightenment. King’s Crown Press, New York: 1948. p1.
  44. ^ University of Notre Dame + William Whitaker's Words : rationem - continens - apocalypseo - Retrieved 2012-01-29
  45. ^ THE NEWTON PROJECT THEM00046 Retrieved 2012-01-29
  46. ^ James E. Force, Richard Henry Popkin - Essays on the context, nature, and influence of Isaac Newton's theology - 226 pages(Google eBook) Springer, 1990 Retrieved 2012-01-29 ISBN 0792305833
  47. ^ University of Notre Dame College of Arts and Letters - summer-symposium
  48. ^ Newton Project THEM00079 Retrieved 2012-02-06
  49. ^ OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PROPHECIES OF DANIEL, AND THE APOCOLYPSE OF ST JOHN - [ in Project Gutenburg (G. Alethoup, R. Shimmin, K. Edkins) ]
  50. ^ ©2012 Babson College, All Rights Reserved Retrieved 2012-01-30

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