Iskander Mirza
Major-General Sahibzada Sayyid Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OBE (Bengali:ইস্কান্দার মীর্জা) Urdu: اسکندر مرزا) (December 14, 1898 – November 12, 1969) was the fourth and last Governor-General of the Dominion of Pakistan (6 October 1955 to 23 March 1956), and the first President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (23 March 1956 to 27 October 1958). He was direct descendent of last Nawab of Bengal Mir Jafar.
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[edit] Early life
Iskander Ali Mirza was born at Murshidabad, Bengal, on 14 December 1898, the eldest son of Sahibzada Sayyid Muhammad Fateh Ali Mirza (1874–1949) and his first wife, Dishad Begum (1879–1924). Muhammad Fateh Ali Mirza was a duke of the ruling house of Murshidabad and grandson of Nawab Mansur Ali Khan, the first Nawab of Bengal. Mirza was a descendant of Gaddar-e-Abrar Mir Jafar.[1] He was a Shi'a Muslim, as his emblem displayed the sign of the Zulfiqar, the sword of Ali (son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad ). He grew up in Bombay. After completing his early education at Elphinstone College, of the then-University of Bombay, he was educated at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, becoming the first graduate from the Indian subcontinent at the academy, and was commissioned into the British Indian Army in 1920.
He was attached to the 2nd Battalion, Cameronians 16 July 1920, and served in the Khodad Khel Operations 1921 and at Waziristan 1924. He was transferred to the 17th Poona Horse (Queen Victoria's Own) later that year, and joined the Indian Political Service in 1926. He was Assistant Commissioner at Abbottabad 1926-1928, Bannu 1928-1930, Nowshera 1930-1933, and Tank 1933, a Deputy Commissioner at Hazara 1933-1936 & at Mardan 1936-1938. He was a Political Agent Khyber 1938-1940, Deputy Commissioner Peshawar & Political Agent to the Mohmands 1940, Political Agent Orissa States 1945-1946, Joint Defence Secretary India 1946-1947 and Defence Secretary. Mirza only served in the army for six years, after which he was the first Indian to be accepted in the elite Indian Political Service, eventually becoming a joint secretary in the Ministry of Defence of British India. In this position, he was responsible for dividing the British Indian Army into the future armies of Pakistan and India.
[edit] Defence Secretary and Governor-General
Upon the formation of Pakistan, Mirza—at the time, the highest-ranking Muslim civil servant in the nation—was made the Defence Secretary of the new nation. In 1954, he was made governor of East Pakistan to bring order to the politically distressed region. This position was followed by his being appointed Minister of Interior and Frontier Regions in Muhammad Ali Bogra's cabinet. In 1955, he became acting Governor-General, before becoming the last Governor-General of Pakistan.
Mirza was also a great advocate of the One Unit scheme, and believed in the separation of state and religion. When Mirza succeeded the ailing Malik Ghulam Muhammad as Governor-General, he was married to his second wife, Nahid Mirza, an Iranian lady who had previously been the wife of the Military Attaché of Iran in Pakistan.
[edit] President of Pakistan
In 1956, Pakistan established its first constitution, and the position of Governor-General was replaced by that of President. The two were essentially the same, but Mirza was officially elected as President by the Assembly. During his presidency, Pakistan was politically unstable, this was marked by four different prime ministers in two years.
[edit] Military coup d'état
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In 1958, Mirza decided that the 1956 Constitution was contributing to political instability; on 7 October, he declared martial law with the view to introducing a new constitution "more suited to the genius of the Pakistani people" in November, as he believed democracy was unsuited to Pakistan "with its 15% literacy rate" (although the same problem of low literacy also existed in India which had opted for democracy). He appointed the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army, Ayub Khan, as the martial law administrator, which proved his undoing.
Ayub Khan declared himself President on 27 October after a bloodless coup d'état, and Mirza was exiled to London.
[edit] Honours
- India General Service Medal (1936)
- King George V Silver Jubilee Medal-1935
- King George VI Coronation Medal-1937
- Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)-1939
- Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE)-1945
- Pakistan Independence Medal-1948
- Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal-1953
- Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi of the Empire of Iran-1956
- Order of the Supreme Sun, 1st Class of the Kingdom of Afghanistan-1958
[edit] Family
On 24 November 1922, Iskander married Rif'a'at Begum (1907-23 March 1967). The couple had two sons and four daughters.
In October 1954, Iskander married Iranian born Naheed Begum (1914-), the couple had no children. Naheed Begum was a close friend of Begum Nusrat Bhutto. Because of this friendship Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was introduced into political arena of Pakistan.
[edit] Death
Mirza lived in exile in London until his death. He died of a heart-attack in London on 12 November 1969, the day before his 70th birthday. It is reported that Mirza struggled financially while living in London.[2] After Yahya Khan's military government refused to allow him to be buried in his own country, his body was flown to Tehran where the Shah of Iran gave him a State Funeral.
[edit] Excerpts From Major General Iskander Mirza's Letter to His Children
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008) |
Mr. Chundrigar is now Prime Minister and I hope the present Government will continue until general election in November 1958. I am quite sure there will be a new President in the new set-up. I am tired of trying to keep the country on the rails and wish all the luck to my successor. With 15% literacy we are trying to run a Constitution which requires 70% literacy - This is the basis of all our troubles. I trusted the Army and in Military honour of General Ayub khan. This was an error of judgment, and people who got on top and misjudge as I did have no right to complain and deserve what they get. This is the end of an episode as far as I am concerned. Individuals don't count, it is the country which matters. Signed I.A.M.
[edit] References
- Shahab, Qudrat-Ullah (2005 (21st Edition)). Shahabnama. Karachi: Sang-e-Meel. ISBN 969-35-0025-3.
- Mirza, Humayun (2002). From Plassey to Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0761815099.
- ^ Iskandar Mirza, Ayub Khan, and October 1958, by Syed Badrul Ahsan, The New Age, Bangladesh, October 30, 2005.
- ^ Shahab, Qudrat-Ullah (2005 (21st Edition)). Shahabnama. Karachi: Sang-e-Meel. ISBN 969-35-0025-3
[edit] See also
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman |
Governor of East Bengal 1954–1955 |
Succeeded by Muhammad Shahabuddin Acting |
| Preceded by Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani |
Minister of the Interior 1954–1955 |
Succeeded by Fazlul Huq |
| Preceded by Malik Ghulam Muhammad |
Governor-General of Pakistan 1955–1956 |
Position abolished |
| New office | President of Pakistan 1956–1958 |
Succeeded by Ayub Khan |
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- 1898 births
- 1969 deaths
- British Indian Army officers
- Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
- Defence Secretaries of Pakistan
- Governors-General of Pakistan
- Officers of the Order of the British Empire
- Pakistani politicians
- Pakistani Shi'a Muslims
- Pakistani people of Bengali descent
- People from Murshidabad district
- Presidents of Pakistan
- Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
- Shi'a politicians
- University of Mumbai alumni
