Island gigantism

The large Haast's eagle and moa from New Zealand (both extinct)

The extinct Tenerife giant rat

Island gigantism or insular giantism is a biological phenomenon in which the size of animals isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to their mainland relatives. Island gigantism is one aspect of the more general "island rule", which posits that when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies. With the arrival of humans and associated predators (dogs, cats, rats, pigs), many giant island endemics have become extinct.

Possible causes

Large mammalian carnivores are often absent on islands because of insufficient range or difficulties in over-water dispersal. In their absence, the ecological niches for large predators may be occupied by birds or reptiles, which can then grow to larger-than-normal size. For example, on prehistoric Gargano Island in the Miocene-Pliocene Mediterranean, on islands in the Caribbean like Cuba, and on Madagascar and New Zealand, some or all apex predators were birds like eagles, falcons and owls, including some of the largest known examples of these groups. However, birds and reptiles generally make less efficient large predators than advanced carnivorans.

Since small size usually makes it easier for herbivores to escape or hide from predators, the decreased predation pressure on islands can allow them to grow larger. Small herbivores may also benefit from the absence of competition from missing types of large herbivores.

Thus, island gigantism is usually an evolutionary trend resulting from the removal of constraints on the size of small animals related to predation and/or competition. Such constraints can operate differently depending on the size of the animal, however; for example, while small herbivores may escape predation by hiding, large herbivores may deter predators by intimidation. As a result, the complementary phenomenon of island dwarfism can also result from the removal of constraints related to predation and/or competition on the size of large herbivores. In contrast, insular dwarfism among predators more commonly results from the imposition of constraints associated with the limited prey resources available on islands. As opposed to island dwarfism, island gigantism is found in most major vertebrate groups and in invertebrates.

A further means of establishing island gigantism may be a founder effect operative when larger members of a mainland population are superior in their ability to colonize islands.

Examples

Examples of island gigantism include:

Mammals

Archaeoindris, an extinct sloth lemur of Madagascar.

Many rodents grow larger on islands, whereas carnivores, proboscideans and artiodactyls usually become smaller.

• Soricomorphs
  • Corsican giant shrew (extinct)
  • Balearic giant shrew (extinct)
• Erinaceomorphs
  • Deinogalerix (extinct)
• Rodents
  • Flores giant rat
  • Tenerife giant rat and Gran Canaria giant rat (both extinct)
  • Giant hutias of the West Indies (extinct)
  • Majorcan giant dormouse and Minorcan giant dormouse (both extinct)
  • Formentera black-tailed garden dormouse, descendant of garden dormice introduced from the continent by Neolithic humans
• Lagomorphs
  • Minorcan giant lagomorph (extinct)
  • Different Prolagus Mediterranean species, including the extinct Sardinian pika and P. imperialis from Gargano Island
• Primates
  • Giant lemurs Archaeoindris, Palaeopropithecus and Megaladapis of Madagascar (all extinct)

Birds

The kakapo of New Zealand is the heaviest, and only flightless, parrot.

The dodo, an extinct flightless pigeon of Mauritius.

• Ratites
  • The elephant bird, among the largest birds ever, formerly living on Madagascar (extinct).
  • The extinct moa of New Zealand.
• Waterfowl
  • Moa-nalos, extinct giant ducks from Hawaii.
  • The extinct giant Siculo-Maltese swan, Cygnus falconeri.
• Wildfowl
  • Sylviornis neocaledoniae a huge extinct megapode-like bird from New Caledonia
  • Some extinct Polynesian megapodes.
• Rails
  • The takahēs from New Zealand and other Porphyrio as well as many Gallirallus species from Melanesia and Polynesia and a few other rallids.
• Seabirds
  • The extinct spectacled cormorant from Bering Island.
• Pigeons
  • Dodo and Rodrigues solitaire, both extinct, from the Mascarenes
  • The extinct flightless Viti Levu giant pigeon.
• Birds of prey
  • Haast's eagle and Eyles' harrier of New Zealand; the titan-hawk Titanohierax and giant-hawk Gigantohierax from the Caribbean; the giant buteonine hawk Buteogallus borrasi of Cuba (all now extinct).
• Parrots
  • The extinct broad-billed parrot from Mauritius, an undescribed huge extinct parrot from Easter Island, and the critically endangered kakapo of New Zealand.

The largest tortoises in the world are found on the Seychelles and Galápagos Islands (example of the latter shown).

• Owls
  • The Cuban giant flightless owl Ornimegalonyx, the possibly flightless Cretan owl, and several Tyto barn owls from the Mediterranean (Tyto robusta, Tyto gigantea), Caribbean (Tyto pollens) and Melanesia (all of them extinct).
• Storks
  • The Flores flightless stork, Leptoptilos robustus, a very large extinct stork from Flores.

Reptiles

• Turtles
  • Giant tortoises in the Galápagos Islands, Seychelles, and formerly the Mascarenes are often considered examples of island gigantism. However, during the Pleistocene, comparably sized or larger tortoises were present in Australia (Meiolania), southern Asia (Colossochelys atlas), Madagascar (Dipsochelys) and North and South America, as well as on a number of other, more accessible islands. In the late Pliocene they were also present in Africa. The present situation of large tortoises being only found on remote islands may reflect that these islands were discovered by humans fairly recently and have not been heavily populated, making their tortoises less subject to overexploitation.

The Komodo dragon of Flores and nearby islands is the largest living lizard.

• Lizards
  • The Komodo dragon and a similar (extinct) giant monitor lizard from Timor, examples of giant insular carnivores. Since islands tend to offer limited food and territory, their mammalian carnivores (if present) are usually smaller than continental ones. These cases involve ectothermic carnivores on islands too small to support much mammalian competition. However, these lizards are not as large as their extinct Australian relative Megalania, and it has been proposed based on fossil evidence that the ancestors of these varanids first evolved their large size in Australia and then dispersed to Indonesia. If this is true, rather than being insular giants they would be viewed as examples of phyletic gigantism. Nevertheless, given that Australia is sometimes viewed as the world's largest island, the former view may not be entirely invalid.
  • The Angel Island chuckwalla (Sauromalus hispidus) and the San Esteban chuckwalla (Sauromalus varius) of islands off Baja California
  • The extinct giant (1.5 m long) iguana Lapitiguana from Fiji.
  • Leiolopisma mauritiana and Macroscincus coctei, two extinct skinks from Mauritius and Cape Verde, the Solomon Islands skink and the rare New Caledonian skink Phoboscincus bocourti
  • The extinct Rodrigues giant day gecko and New Zealand giant gecko, and the extant New Caledonian giant gecko
  • Four extant and one extinct species of lacertid lizard of the genus Gallotia in the Canary Islands
• Snakes
  • Tiger snake populations on Mount Chappell Island (Tasmania) and Williams Island, Hopkins Island and islands of the Nuyts Archipelago (South Australia). On these islands the available prey is restricted to larger sizes than commonly taken by mainland snakes; restricted seasonal availability of prey also appears to contribute to gigantism.

Arthropods

Poor Knights giant weta

Giant Fijian long-horned beetle

• Conant's giant Nihoa tree cricket
• Giant pill-millipedes of Madagascar
• Giant wetas of New Zealand
• Saint Helena earwig
• Taveuni and giant Fijian long-horned beetles of Fiji

Flora

Island plants often also exhibit "insular woodiness".

• Megaherbs of the New Zealand sub-antarctic islands

See also

• Deep-sea gigantism
• Dwarfing
• Foster's rule
• Insular dwarfism
• Megafauna
• Island tameness

External links

• PBS NOVA: Why Do Islands Breed Giants (And Sometimes Dwarfs)?