Isotopes of berkelium
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Berkelium (Bk) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic mass cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 243Bk in 1949. There are 20 known radioisotopes, from 235Bk to 254Bk, and 6 nuclear isomers. The longest-lived isotope is 247Bk with a half-life of 1,380 years.
Trace quantities are found in nature from neutron capture by uranium atoms.[1]
Contents |
[edit] Table
| nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[2][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s) |
nuclear spin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excitation energy | |||||||
| 235Bk | 97 | 138 | 235.05658(43)# | 20# s | α | 231Am | |
| β+ | 235Cm | ||||||
| 236Bk | 97 | 139 | 236.05733(43)# | 1# min | α | 232Am | |
| β+ | 236Cm | ||||||
| 237Bk | 97 | 140 | 237.05700(24)# | 1# min | α | 233Am | 7/2+# |
| β+ (rare) | 237Cm | ||||||
| 238Bk | 97 | 141 | 238.05828(31)# | 2.40(8) min | α | 234Am | |
| β+, SF (.048%) | (various) | ||||||
| β+ (rare) | 238Cm | ||||||
| 239Bk | 97 | 142 | 239.05828(25)# | 3# min | α | 235Am | 7/2+# |
| β+ | 239Cm | ||||||
| 240Bk | 97 | 143 | 240.05976(16)# | 4.8(8) min | β+ (90%) | 240Cm | |
| α (10%) | 236Am | ||||||
| β+, SF (.002%) | (various) | ||||||
| 241Bk | 97 | 144 | 241.06023(22)# | 4.6(4) min | α | 237Am | (7/2+) |
| β+ (rare) | 241Cm | ||||||
| 242Bk | 97 | 145 | 242.06198(22)# | 7.0(13) min | β+ (99.99%) | 242Cm | 2-# |
| β+, SF (3×10−4%) | (various) | ||||||
| 242mBk | 200(200)# keV | 600(100) ns | |||||
| 243Bk | 97 | 146 | 243.063008(5) | 4.5(2) h | β+ (99.85%) | 243Cm | (3/2-) |
| α (.15%) | 239Am | ||||||
| 244Bk | 97 | 147 | 244.065181(16) | 4.35(15) h | β+ (99.99%) | 244Cm | (4-)# |
| α (.006%) | 240Am | ||||||
| 245Bk | 97 | 148 | 245.0663616(25) | 4.94(3) d | EC (99.88%) | 245Cm | 3/2- |
| α (.12%) | 241Am | ||||||
| 246Bk | 97 | 149 | 246.06867(6) | 1.80(2) d | β+ (99.8%) | 246Cm | 2(-) |
| α (.2%) | 242Am | ||||||
| 247Bk | 97 | 150 | 247.070307(6) | 1.38(25)E+3 a | α | 243Am | (3/2-) |
| SF (rare) | (various) | ||||||
| 248Bk | 97 | 151 | 248.07309(8)# | >9 a | α | 244Am | 6+# |
| 248mBk | 30(70)# keV | 23.7(2) h | 1(-) | ||||
| 249Bk[n 2] | 97 | 152 | 249.0749867(28) | 330(4) d | β- | 249Cf | 7/2+ |
| α (.00145%) | 245Am | ||||||
| SF (4.7×10−8%) | (various) | ||||||
| 249mBk | 8.80(10) keV | 300 µs | (3/2-) | ||||
| 250Bk | 97 | 153 | 250.078317(4) | 3.212(5) h | β- | 250Cf | 2- |
| 250m1Bk | 35.59(5) keV | 29(1) µs | (4+) | ||||
| 250m2Bk | 84.1(21) keV | 213(8) µs | (7+) | ||||
| 251Bk | 97 | 154 | 251.080760(12) | 55.6(11) min | β- | 251Cf | (3/2-)# |
| α (10−5%) | 247Am | ||||||
| 251mBk | 35.5(13) keV | 58(4) µs | (7/2+)# | ||||
| 252Bk | 97 | 155 | 252.08431(22)# | 1.8(5) min | β- | 252Cf | |
| α | 248Am | ||||||
| 253Bk | 97 | 156 | 253.08688(39)# | 10# min | β- | 253Cf | |
| 254Bk | 97 | 157 | 254.09060(32)# | 1# min | β- | 254Cf | |
- ^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
SF: Spontaneous fission - ^ Easiest isotope to synthesize
[edit] Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
[edit] See also
 |
Book: Berkelium |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
[edit] References
- ^ Emsley, John (2011). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.
- ^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties". Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128. Bibcode 2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683. http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051/pdf/. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties". Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128. Bibcode 2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/. Retrieved September 2005.
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0849304859.
| Isotopes of curium | Isotopes of berkelium | Isotopes of californium |
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