It Happened Here

It Happened Here
Directed by	Kevin Brownlow Andrew Mollo
Produced by	Kevin Brownlow Andrew Mollo
Written by	Kevin Brownlow Andrew Mollo
Starring	Pauline Murray Sebastian Shaw Bart Allison Reginald Marsh
Music by	Anton Bruckner
Cinematography	Kevin Brownlow Peter Suschitzky
Editing by	Kevin Brownlow
Distributed by	United Artists
Release date(s)	Film festivals Cork and Mannheim: 1964 United Kingdom: May 1966 United States: 8 August 1966 Australia: 25 May 1966
Running time	97 min.
Country	UK
Language	English/German
Budget	$20,000 (estimate)

It Happened Here is a 1964 British film directed by Kevin Brownlow and Andrew Mollo. It is set in an alternate history in which Nazi Germany successfully invades and occupies the United Kingdom during World War II.

Setting

The film opens with the statement: "The German invasion of England took place in 1940 after the retreat from Dunkirk". After months of fierce resistance and brutal reprisals, the occupying forces manage to restore order, largely suppressing the resistance movement.

However, due to demands from the Ural Mountains front, most German troops are eventually removed from Western Europe, and the garrisoning of Britain is largely carried out by local volunteers to the German army and the SS. England appears to be governed by the British Union of Fascists (the situation in the rest of the British Isles is unclear but presumably similar); the followers are referred to as "Blackshirts", wear uniforms with the Flash and Circle, and a framed portrait of Oswald Mosley appears in a government building, alongside one of Adolf Hitler.

Meanwhile, the United States, having entered the war, stations its U.S. Seventh Fleet off Ireland and begins bombing raids on the southwest coast of England, as well as supplying men and equipment to a resurgent partisan movement. Whether Ireland itself is occupied by the Americans or Germans or manages to remain neutral is not made clear.

Plot

Set in 1944–1945, the story focuses on an apolitical Irish district nurse, Pauline. Following an upsurge in partisan activity in her area, she is forcibly evacuated from her village by the Germans and their collaborators and witnesses an attack on the German forces by a group of British partisans, during which a number of her friends from the village are killed in the crossfire. The attack (and more particularly the deaths) later influences her views and decisions.

She is evacuated to London, where she reluctantly becomes a collaborator, joining the medical wing of the Immediate Action Organisation (IAO), a kind of quasi-paramilitary medical corps and is re-trained as an ambulance attendant. Although at first reluctant and intent on remaining apolitical, Pauline begins to show the effects of fascist indoctrination in her behaviour. It is a reunion with old friends (an antifascist doctor and his wife) that gives Pauline pause and when she subsequently discovers they are harbouring an injured partisan she reluctantly agrees to help.

Gradually Pauline learns more about the impacts of the German occupation and she sees her friends arrested. The discovery of her association with the antifascist couple by her superiors in the IAO leads to her demotion and transfer to another part of the country. She welcomes the move at first, as her new job appears to have less of the paramilitary trappings. However Pauline discovers that she has unwittingly taken part in a forced euthanasia programme and killed a group of foreign forced labourers who had contracted tuberculosis.

The film ends with Pauline being arrested after protesting and refusing to continue but before she can be put on trial, she is captured and agrees to work for the resurgent British resistance as they try to liberate the country with the help of arriving American troops. In the finale, Pauline tends wounded while, out of her view, a large group of soldiers from the Black Prince Regiment of the British Legion of the Waffen-SS who had surrendered are shot, a scene reminiscent of an SS massacre of civilians earlier in the film.

Production and staff

The film was directed by Kevin Brownlow and Andrew Mollo. Kevin Brownlow would later became a prominent film historian and Andrew Mollo would become a leading military historian. Brownlow developed the concept of the film when he was 18 years old, in 1956. He turned to Mollo, a 16-year-old history buff, to help him with the design of costumes and sets. Mollo was intrigued by the project, and became his collaborator.

The film was in the making for the next eight years, which the Guinness Book of World Records (as of 2003) calls the longest ever production schedule. It was shot in black and white on 16 mm film, giving it a grainy, newsreel feel (no actual stock footage was used). The audio quality (and lighting) on the opening reel is rather poor, which makes the dialog difficult to follow for the first few minutes. It had a cast of hundreds, all volunteers, with several professional actors among them: Sebastian Shaw, Reginald Marsh, Stella Kemball, Ralph Wilson, Bart Allison, John Herrington, Nicolette Bernard, Nicholas Moore and Frank Gardner. (A number of the extras in the film were members of British science fiction fandom, and a portion was previewed at a science fiction convention in Peterborough.)

The key role of Pauline, a nurse evacuated from Salisbury to London, was played by Pauline Murray. According to DVD Times, Murray worked as a doctor's receptionist. DVD Times says that it is "...interesting to compare her to other British leading ladies of the time", in that the 1960s "‘Free Cinema’ movement spill[ed] over into features and a British New Wave...[led to]...films such as A Taste of Honey and Poor Cow. (...) Tony Richardson’s Woodfall Film Productions (central to the new wave) stumped up the money to allow It Happened Here to be completed on a less amateur level, yet the results are quite different. Murray may share the resilience of a Rita Tushingham or Carol White, but she’s a tougher breed, altogether more human."

Stanley Kubrick, who was intrigued by the project, donated film stock from Dr. Strangelove to Brownlow to help him finish the film. Support was also given by director Tony Richardson. Most of the equipment used in the production was borrowed. Veteran wartime BBC radio announcers Alvar Lidell and John Snagge gave their services free to voice reconstructed newsreels and radio broadcasts. Director Tony Richardson helped to pay for the final production. Though the cast was almost entirely amateur, It Happened Here helped to launch the career of its cinematographer, Peter Suschitzky, who went on to work on such films as The Rocky Horror Picture Show and The Empire Strikes Back.

It Happened Here premiered in September 1964 at the Cork Film Festival and was shown one month later at the German Mannheim International Film Week.

In a contemporary review of a showing of the film at the Little Carnegie theatre at 146 West 57th Street in New York City, published in The New York Times on August 9, 1966, titled "If the Finest Hour Had Failed: Little Carnegie Offers It Happened Here; Occupation of England by Nazis Depicted", Bosley Crowther wrote "The acting by unfamiliar people is beautifully natural and restrained, particularly that of Pauline Murray in the principal role. Through her human and subtle generation of an ungrudging sympathy, one becomes involved in her dilemma and is caught up all the way in the despair, uncertainty and terror of her experiences."

Release and criticism

After eight years of production, the film's initial release was stormy. Many people were upset by the idea that the villains in the story were not just the Nazis but their British collaborators. The film seemed to be saying that fascism can rise anywhere under the right circumstances, and that people everywhere could fall under its spell. Research prior to the film from various Nazi-occupied territories (including the Channel Islands) suggested that this was indeed the case.

Jewish groups protested against the inclusion of seven minutes of footage of a British fascist speaking against the Jews and for euthanasia. In response, this was cut from the original release, though it was restored thirty years later, after Brownlow regained the rights to the film. Critics claimed the inclusion of this material gives a platform to unapologetic neo-Nazis despite the film's strongly anti-Nazi theme.

Reception

Awards

• 1964: International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg, "Preis der Volkshochschul-Jury" ("Prize of the Adult Education Center's jury")
• 1966: National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, Top Ten Films

Book

In 1968, Brownlow published the story of how the film got made under the title How It Happened Here. The book has been reissued in updated form in 2005 (UK) and 2007 (United States). How It Happened Here (re-issued March 2007, by UKA Press, ISBN 978-1-905796-10-6) describes the making of the film It Happened Here, and the subsequent reception that the film received. In addition to explaining how two teenage boys made a feature film, it also explores the social issues raised by the movie. Brownlow had allowed genuine British fascists to play themselves in the film, which raised the hostility of Jewish organizations. The book contains almost 100 pictures, mostly stills from the film, and an introduction by David Robinson.

See also

• Axis victory in World War II – The above page includes an extensive list of other Wikipedia articles regarding works of Nazi Germany/Axis/World War II alternate history.
• Grim's Dyke
• One Hundred Years of Evil

External links

• It Happened Here at the Internet Movie Database
• It Happened Here at AllRovi