Italians

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Italians
Italiani

Clockwise from top left: Galileo • Michelangelo • Leonardo da Vinci • Alessandro Volta • Guglielmo Marconi  • Maria Gaetana Agnesi • Maria Montessori • Giordano Bruno
Total population
129,000,000 (around 2% of the world's population)
Regions with significant populations
Italy        56 million [1]
Brazil 28 million [2]  Argentina 20 million [3]  United States 17.8 million [4]  Uruguay 1,500,000 [5]  Canada 1,445,335 [6]  Venezuela 900,000 [7]  Australia 852,418 [8]  Switzerland 527,817b [9]  Germany 611,000 [10]  Peru over 500,000 [11]  France 380,000a [12]  Belgium 290,000 [13]  Chile 150,000 [14]  United Kingdom 133,500 [15]  Spain 153,700c [16]  Mexico 50,000 [17]  South Africa 35,000 [15]  Croatia 19,636 [18]  Ecuador 15,000 [19]  Monaco 10,000 [20]
Languages
Italian and Italian dialects (Sicilian · Southern Italian languages · Corsican · Sardinian · Northern Italian languages · Friulian)
Religion
Roman Catholic (predominantly), others
Footnotes
a Italians by birth, not including an indeterminable number of Frenchmen of Italian ancestry numbering as much as five million.[21] b includes 291,200 permanent residents;[22] not including Italian-speaking Swiss people, c Italian citizens, many of which are Latin American nationals with Italian citizenship.

The Italian people (Italian: italiani) are an ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common Italian culture, descent, and speaking the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence, and are distinguished from people of Italian descent, and historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories of the Italian peninsula.

Because of a wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, approximately 60 million people of Italian ancestry live outside of Italy, predominantly in other parts of Europe, in the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and Australia.

[edit] History

The Italian people have somewhat varied European origins apart from the original Ancient Italic peoples: Northern Italy had a strong Celtic presence in Cisalpine Gaul until the Romans conquered and colonised the area in the 2nd century; the central portion of the Italian peninsula was inhabited by the Etruscans and Italic people; and southern Italy and Sicily was settled significantly by Greeks (see Magna Graecia).

The Romans romanized the entire peninsula and preserved common unity until the 5th century AD. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 AD, the Italian peninsula was invaded by Germanic peoples crossing the Alps, establishing settlements in north-central Italy and to a much lesser degree in the south. The Germanic tribes underwent rapid Romanization.

The Byzantine Greeks were an important power in southern Italy for five centuries, fighting for supremacy first against the Ostrogoths and later against the Lombards of Benevento. Greek speakers were fairly common throughout Southern Italy and Sicily until the 11th century when Byzantine rule ended: a few small Greek-speaking communities still exist in Calabria and Apulia ^[23]

In 827 AD, the island of Sicily was invaded starting the period of Arab and North African influence in Sicily and Apulia, especially Bari. Arabs controlled Sicily until the Norman Christians conquered much of southern Italy and all of Sicily in 1091 AD, and began expelling them. ^[24]

There are also still small Greek fishing villages in Calabria, Maltese-Italian residents whose family originated from Malta under Italian and then British rule from the 18th to the mid 20th centuries, and Catalan communities in Sardinia to this day.

For more than 500 years (12th to 17th centuries) after Norman rule, Swabian (German) and Angevin (French) swapped control of regions in Italy, predominately southern Italy and Sicily. During the 11th through 16th century the majority of city-states from Northern and Central Italy remained independent, nurturing the era now known as the Renaissance. Habsburg Spain and Bourbon Spain dominated in southern Italy. From the 16th C. right through to unification, most of the Italian states were controlled by the emerging European political powers, most notably the Austrian Habsburgs, Spain, and by the 19th C., Napoleonic France.

In 1720, Sicily came under Austrian Habsburg rule and was swapped between various European powers until Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and southern Italy, allowing for the annexation of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies into the new Italian state in 1860 (see Risorgimento).

Since the 19th century, the economic conditions of the agrarian southern and north-eastern regions resulted in mass migration from these regions to the Americas, industrial parts of northern Italy, and to other parts of Western Europe such as France and Belgium. By the 1970s economic conditions in the poorer regions of Italy improved to the point that even the less-developed regions of South Italy received more immigrants than it sent outwards.

Today, Italy is less urban than many other countries in Europe, with 67% of Italians living in a major urban area- compared to 76% of French, 88% of Germans and 90% of Britons. The vast majority of Italians live outside of the large (over 1,000,000 population) cities.^[25]

[edit] Culture

From the Lombard invasion until the mid-nineteenth century, Italy was not the nation-state it is today. The Italian regions were fractured into various kingdoms, duchies, and domains. As a result, Italian dialects or regional minority languages and customs evolved independently. While all Italian states were similar and they retained basic elements of Roman language and culture, each developed its own regional culture and identity. As a result, even to this day, Italians define themselves primarily by their home region, province or city, and many still speak a local dialect or regional language in addition to standard Italian. Regional diversity is important to many Italians, and some regions also have strong local identities.

[edit] Language

In Italy, the standard Italian language has steadily replaced the numerous dialects and Italic languages such as Gallo-italic , Sicilian, Venetian, Sardinian, Friulian, Ladin, Franco-Provençal and Neapolitan. Standard Italian originated in literature of the 12th to 15th centuries, and was based on the dialects of Tuscany, along with influences of Sicilian and Venetian. In the 19th Century, Standard Italian became more common and helped unify the country.

Some non-Italian speaking minorities live in Italy and are Italian citizens. Thousands of German Bavarian speakers remain in the extreme northern province of Bolzano-Bozen. Portions of the Friuli-Venezia-Giulia region have a small Slovene-speaking minority of Slavic origin. A small cluster of French-speaking people live in the province of Aosta and a small Catalan-speaking enclave in Sardinia goes back five centuries after first settled by Catalans from Catalonia in Spain. In addition, two minor Italic languages are spoken outside of modern Italy — Corsican in Corsica, France and Romansh in eastern Switzerland. In Istria and Dalmatia there are significant Italian communities. There are several small clusters of Albanian speaking (Arbëreshë) communities in southern Italy, small pockets of language which belong to the 15th century Skanderbegians who fled Albania.^[26]

[edit] Religion

The most common religion amongst Italians is Roman Catholicism.^[27] This reflects the enormous historical influence the Roman Catholic Church has had over the Italian peninsula, home to the popes and the contemporary Vatican City- headquarters of the Catholic Church. The majority of popes have been Italian and, for a long period of Italian history, they exercised temporal control over much of the peninsula (most notably the Papal states). A minority of Italians practice other religions, such as Protestantism, Judaism, and Eastern Orthodoxy.

[edit] Arts

The people of Italy have contributed significantly to world culture and scientific, and technological, progress continuously since ancient times. In the Arts, Italy gave birth to some of the most widely known sculptors, painters, architects, and the historically remarkable movement of Renaissance. Notable examples of Italian artists include Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael. In literature, poet Dante and playwright and novelist Pirandello made cornerstone contributions to their fields. Italian composers, such as Vivaldi, Rossini, Verdi, and Puccini, contributed to the evolution of western music, in whose context Italians are credited for the creation of the opera. Some of the most famous luthiers are Italians, like Andrea Amati, Antonio Stradivari, and the Guarneri family.

[edit] Science

Famous Italian scientists include Leonardo da Vinci, a genius in several scientific disciplines, Galileo, the first to describe the laws of movement and use explicitly the experimental method, Alessandro Volta, the inventor of the electric battery, Antonio Meucci, inventor of the telephone (though its role in the invention was long disputed in the United States), Antonio Pacinotti, inventor of the direct-current electrical generator, or dynamo, and of the electric engine, Galileo Ferraris, inventor of the alternating-current motor, Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci, who patented the first working efficient internal combustion engine, Guglielmo Marconi, the first to develop the wireless broadcasting, known as radio, Enrico Fermi the discoverer of neutron chain reaction and builder of the first atomic pile.

Italian contributions to architecture and engineering are numerous since ancient times. Renowned architects include Brunelleschi, Bernini and Palladio.

The rise of humanism and modern commerce can be attributed to conditions found in Italy during the Renaissance. This ambience also lead to the rise of the "universal man", of which Leonardo da Vinci often is considered as the prime example.

[edit] Populations with Italian ancestry

There is a history of Italians working and living outside of the Italian peninsula since ancient times. Italian bankers and traders expanded to all parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, sometimes creating outposts. In medieval times, there was a significant permanent presence in Flanders, Lyon, Paris and outposts were created throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Since the Renaissance, the services of Italian architects and artists were sought by many of Europe's royal courts, as far as Russia. This migration, though generally small in numbers, and sometimes ephemeral, pre-dates the unification of Italian states.

Italy became an important source for emigrants after about 1870. More than 10 million Italians emigrated between 1870 and 1920.^{[citation needed]} In the beginning (1870-1880), the main destination of the migrants were other European countries (France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, the United Kingdom and Luxembourg), where most Italians worked for some time and then returned to Italy.^{[citation needed]} During this time many Italians also went to the Americas, especially to Brazil, Argentina and the United States. From about 1880 until the end of the early 1900s, the main destinations for Italian immigrants were Brazil, Argentina as well as Uruguay.^{[citation needed]} Smaller migration patterns of Italians went to Mexico, the United States, and Corsicans constituted a large proportion of immigrants to Puerto Rico (see Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico).

[edit] Africa

Italian communities once thrived in the former African colonies of Eritrea (50,000 Italian settlers in 1935),^[28] Somalia and Libya (150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting about 18% of the total population).^[29]

[edit] Argentina

It is estimated that about 20 million Argentines have at least one Italian ancestor, the highest national concentration outside Italy (about 50% of the population of Argentina).

Italian immigration to Argentina began in the nineteenth century, just after Argentina won its independence from Spain. There are many reasons explaining the Italian immigration to Argentina: Italy was enduring economic problems caused mainly by the unification of the Italian states into one nation. The country was impoverished, unemployment was rampant, certain areas witnessed overpopulation, and Italy was subject to significant political turmoil. Italians saw in Argentina a chance to build for themselves a brand new life.

The Argentine government wanted to populate the new lands they acquired from the wars, such as the Conquest of the Desert and War of the Triple Alliance, to legitimize Argentine claims on those lands from the neighbouring nations. Argentina required a labour force for its growing industrial and agricultural economy. The Argentine government welcomed the immigrants for racial reasons, because many Argentine politicians considered the Indigenous and the Mestizo to be inferior and could not be trusted^[30]. These politicians also believed that Argentina should be a White nation, so following 19th century positivist ideas, the Argentine government encouraged and promoted European immigration.

[edit] Brazil

Italian Immigrants in São Paulo. Brazil is home to over 25 million Italian Brazilians, the largest number of people with full or partial Italian ancestry outside of Italy.

Brazil has the largest number of people with some Italian ancestry outside Italy. The country was in need of workers to embrace the vast coffee plantations, and Italian immigrants became a main source of manpower for its agriculture and industry.

[edit] Canada

A substantial influx of Italian immigrants to Canada began in the early twentieth century when over a hundred thousand Italians moved to Canada. These were largely peasants from the poorer southern portion of Italy. They mainly immigrated to Toronto and Montreal, both of which soon had large Italian communities. Smaller communities also arose in Hamilton, Vancouver, Windsor, Niagara Falls, Ottawa, Sherbrooke, Quebec City, Sudbury and the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean area. Many also settled in mining communities in British Columbia, Alberta, Cape Breton Island and Northern Ontario. The Northern Ontario cities of Sault Ste. Marie and Fort William were quite heavily populated by Italian immigrants. In the post-war years (1945-early 1970s) another influx of Italians emigrated to Canada, again from the south but also from Veneto and Friuli and displaced Italians from Istria. There was a Royal Commission appointed to Inquire into the Immigration of Italian Labourers to Montreal and alleged Fraudulent Practices of Employment Agencies in 1905, which exposed the abuses of immigration agents known as padroni.

[edit] France

Italian migration into what is today France has been going on, in different migrating cycles, for centuries, beginning in prehistoric times right to the modern age.^[21] In addition, Corsica passed from the Republic of Genova to France in in 1770, and the area around Nice and Savoy from the Kingdom of Sardinia to France in 1860.

Initially, Italian immigration to modern France (late 18th to the early 20th C.) came predominantly from northern Italy (Piedmont, Veneto), then from central Italy (Marche, Umbria), mostly to the bordering southeastern region of Provence.^[21] It wasn't until after World War II that large numbers of immigrants from southern Italy immigrated to France, usually settling in industrialised areas of France, such as Lorraine, Paris and Lyon.^[21] Today, it is estimated that as many as 5 million French nationals have Italian ancestry going back three generations.^[21]

[edit] Istria and Dalmatia

In both the Slovenian and Croatian portions of Istria, as well as in the city of Rijeka (Fiume), "Italian" can refer to autochthonous speakers of the Venetian language, natives in the region since before the inception of the Venetian Republic, and also to descendants of Italians that migrated to the area in the early to mid 20th C. when it was a part of Italy. It can also refer to Istrian Slavs who adopted the Italian culture and language as they moved from rural to urban areas, or from the farms into the bourgeoisie, since the time of the Austrian Empire through to the period of annexation to Italy. In the aftermath of the Istrian exodus following the Second World War, most Italian speakers consider themselves ethnic Italian and are today located in the south and west of Istria, and number about 35,000. The number of inhabitants with Italian ancestry is likely much greater but undeterminable.

The Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and language in cities such as Zadar (Zara), Split (city) (Spalato) and Dubrovnik (Ragusa). The 1816 Austro-Hungarian census registered 66,000 Italian-speaking people amongst the 301,000 inhabitants of Dalmatia, or 22% of the total Dalmatian population.^[31] Today, they number under 1,000.

[edit] New Zealand

Tuscan emigrants leaving Italy for New Zealand, 1890s, Leghorn.

The first Italian to reach New Zealand was Antonio Ponto, who sailed on the Endeavour with Captain James Cook in 1769.^[32] In 1860, nine Italian friars were charged with reviving a Catholic mission to Māori in Hokianga and the Bay of Islands.^[32] A small migratory influx of Italian immigrants to New Zealand first began in the late 19th century, as a result of the poor living conditions in the newly united Kingdom of Italy. Italians were primarily employed in fishing, tomato growing, dairy farming, market gardening and mining.^[32] There are now 3,636 people of Italian ancestry living in New Zealand.^[33]

[edit] Switzerland

In Switzerland, Italian immigrants (not to be confused with a large autochthonous population of Italophones in Ticino and Grigioni)^[34] reached the country starting in the late 19th century, most of whom eventually came back to Italy after the rise of Fascism. Mussolini himself emigrated in Switzerland in 1902, only to be deported after becoming involved in the socialist movement.^[35] A new migratory wave began after 1945, favoured by the lax immigration laws then in force.^[36] At first the Swiss government encouraged the arrival of guest workers, assigning them different types of work permits, some forbidding job switching, ranging from the "frontaliere" permit given to Italians living near the Swiss border to the "C" permit granting the same status of a Swiss citizen minus the political rights.^[36] In 1970 there were a million immigrants in Switzerland, 54% of whom were Italians.^[36] Rising friction with the indigenous majority even led to the creation of an "anti-Italians party" in 1963.^[37] As every other immigrant group at the time, Italians were faced with a policy of forced integration, later satirised in the highly successful 1978 comedy film Die Schweizermacher (literally The Swissmakers), that went to become the fifth most-watched film of all time in Switzerland^[38] Italians have long been the largest immigrant group in Switzerland, only surpassed by Serbo-Croatians in the 1990s.^[36] Italians remain a large minority, numbering in 2007 about 300,000 people, excluding holders of dual citizenship.^[39] There is currently (as of 2008) a small resurfacing of Italian immigration, when after decades the migratory balance of Italians returned positive (2,213 new immigrants to Switzerland).^[39]

[edit] United States

Mulberry Street, along which New York City's Little Italy is centered. Lower East Side, circa 1900.

Starting in the early 20th century until the 1950s, the United States became a main destination for Italian immigrants, most settling originally in the New York metropolitan area, Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, San Francisco and Chicago. Many Italian Americans still retain aspects of their culture. This includes Italian food, drink, art, annual Italian American feasts, and a strong commitment to extended family. Italian Americans influenced popular music in the 1940s and as recently in the 1970s, one of their major contributions to American culture. In movies that deal with cultural issues, Italian American words and lingo are sometimes spoken by the characters. Although most will not speak Italian fluently, a dialect of sorts has arisen among Italian Americans, particularly in the urban Northeast, often popularized in film and television.

[edit] Rest of Europe

In a wave of temporary Italian migration, from 1920 to the early 1970s (peaking in the periods of WWI and WWII), Italian "guest workers" went mostly to Austria, Belgium, France, West Germany, Switzerland and Luxembourg.^[40]

[edit] In figures

As a people, there are 56.2 million Italian citizens in Italy, about 500,000 Italian Swiss in Switzerland, and about 28,000 in San Marino. There is also a large but undefined, autochthonous population in France (Nice, Corsica).^[21] Smaller groups can also be found in Slovenia and Croatia, primarily in Istria.

•  Italy - ~56,200,000
•  Switzerland - 527,817^[9]
•  San Marino - 35.000
•  France
•  Croatia
•  Slovenia

In addition, there are approximately 3,6 million Italian citizens residing abroad, many of which hold dual citizenship. Italians abroad according to the Italian government^[41]

•  Germany - 582.111
•  Argentina - 527.570
•  Switzerland - 500.565
•  France - 348.722
•  Belgium - 235.673
•  Brazil - 229.746
•  United States - 200.534
•  United Kingdom - 170.927
•  Canada - 131.775
•  Australia - 120.239
•  Venezuela - 94.704
•  Spain - 83.924
•  Uruguay - 71.115

[edit] People of Italian descent

In addition to Italians abroad, there are notable populations from immigrants of full or partial Italian descent in South America (most notably Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile and Peru), North America (United States, Canada and, to a lesser degree, Mexico and Costa Rica), Australia, and Western Europe (mainly in Belgium, the United Kingdom, France and Germany) as well as Africa (some populations were present in Libya and Somalia).

Principal Italian Communities (comunità di oriundi italiani nel mondo)			Notes
Brazil	25 m (ca. 13-14% pop. total)	Italian Brazilian	[42][43]
Argentina	20 mi (ca. 50% pop. total)	Italian Argentine	[44][45]
United States	17,8 m (ca. 6% pop. total)	Italian American	[46]
France	1,5 - 5,0 m (ca. 2-9% pop. total)		[45][47][48]
Canada	1.5 m (ca. 4.5% pop. total)	Italian Canadian	[49]
Uruguay	1 m (ca. 29% pop. total)	Italian Uruguayan	[45]
Venezuela	1 m (ca. 4% pop. total)	Italo-Venezuelans
Australia	850,000 (ca. 4% pop. total)	Italian Australian	[50]
Germany	650 - 700,000 (< 1% pop. total)	Italo-Germans
Switzerland	530,000 (ca. 6.5% pop. total)		[9]
Peru	500,000 (ca. 3% pop. total)	Italian Peruvian	[51]
United Kingdom	300 - 500,000 (< 1% pop. total)	Italian British (Italian Scottish, Italian Welsh)
Belgium	290,000 (ca. 3% pop. total)		[52]
Chile	150,000 (< 1% pop. total)	Italian-Chilean	[45]
Costa Rica	120,000 (ca. 3% pop. total)
Paraguay	100,000 (ca. 1,5% pop. total)

[edit] Foreigners in Italy

There are approximately 3.9m foreigners legally residing in Italy. Most originated from Eastern Europe, Asia or Saharan Africa, although there are growing numbers from Latin America.

Principal foreign citizens resident in Italy (ISTAT[53])
Romania	772.000
Albania	438.000
Morocco	401.000
Serbia	211.000
China	174.000
Ukraine	156.000
Philippines	119.000
Poland	100.000
Tunisia	100.000

[edit] See also

• List of Sardinians
• List of Sicilians
• Demography of Italy
• Italian Citizenship
• Anti-Italianism
• European ethnic groups
• Genetic history of Europe

[edit] References

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