Ivan Fyodorov (printer)
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Ivan Fyodorov, Fedorov or Fedorovych (Russian: Iва́н Федоров, Russian pronunciation: [iˈvan ˈfʲodərəf]) Ioannes Fedorowicz (Latin) (born around 1510, died December 14, 1583 in Lviv), was one of the fathers (the other being Francysk Skaryna) of Eastern Slavonic printing. He was also a master cannon maker and the inventor of a multibarreled mortar.
Fedorovych graduated from Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland in 1532 with a bachelor's degree where he was known as Johannes Theodori Moscus ("musk-ox" in Latin). In 1564–5 he moved to Moscow (where he was known as Fyodorov) to take up an appointment as a deacon in the church of Saint Nicolas (Gostunsky) in the Moscow Kremlin. Together with P. Mstsislavets he published several liturgical works in Church Slavonic using movable type. This technical innovation created competition for the Muscovite scribes, who began to persecute Fyodorov and Mstsislavets finally forcing them to flee to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania after their printing wokshop was arsoned (as related by Giles Fletcher in 1591)[1]. There they were received by the Great Lithuanian Hetman H. Khodkevych at his estate in Zabłudów (Zabludiv) (northern Podlachia), where they published Ievanheliie uchytel’noie (Didactic Gospel, 1569) (see Zabłudów Gospel) and Psaltyr’ (Psalter, 1570). In Zabłudów, Fedorov changed his surname back to Fedorovych.
He moved to Lviv in 1572 and resumed his work as a printer the following year at the Saint Onuphrius Monastery (see Saint Onuphrius's Church and Monastery). (Fedorovych's tombstone in Lviv is inscribed ‘drukovanie zanedbanoe vobnov[yl]’ [renewed neglected printing].) In 1574 Fedorovych, with the help of his son and Hryn Ivanovych of Zabłudów published the second edition of the Apostolos (originally published in Moscow), with an autobiographical epilogue, and Azbuka (Alphabet book).
In 1575 Fedorovych, in the service of Prince Kostiantyn Ostrozky, was placed in charge of the Derman Monastery; in 1577–9 he established the Ostrih Press, where, in 1581, he published the Ostrog Bible - the first full version of the Bible in movsble type and a number of other books. Fedorovych returned to Lviv after a quarrel with Prince Kostiantyn Ostrozky, but his attempt to reopen his printing shop was unsuccessful. His printery became the property of the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood (later the Stauropegion Institute). The brotherhood used Fedorovych's original designs until the early 19th century. In 1583 he visited Vienna and Krakow where he showed the Emporer his latest inventions.
He was buried in Lviv on the grounds of the St. Onufriy Monastery.
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