Jasmine

This article is about the shrub of genus Jasminum. For other uses, see Jasmine (disambiguation).

Jasmines
Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Oleaceae
Tribe:	Jasmineae
Genus:	Jasminum L.
Type species
Jasminum officinale L.
Species
More than 200, see List of Jasminum species
Synonyms
Jacksonia hort. ex Schltdl Jasminium Dumort. Menodora Humb. & Bonpl. Mogorium Juss. Noldeanthus Knobl.

Jasminum (/ˈdʒæzmɨnəm/), commonly known as jasmines, is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family (Oleaceae). It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World. Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers.

Description

See also: Glossary of botanical terms

Jasmines are deciduous (falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round) erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne opposite or alternate. They can be simple, trifoliate, or pinnate. The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow in color, though in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant. The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe.

The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (2n=39), Jasminum flexile (2n=52), Jasminum primulinum (2n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (2n=52).

Distribution and habitat

Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australasia. Their center of diversity, however, is in South and Southeast Asia.

Some species have common names that do not match their region of origin. Jasminum sambac, for example, has the English common names of "Arabian jasmine" or "Tuscan jasmine". However, it is not native to the Arabian peninsula or Western India as is commonly perceived. It is native to Southeast Asia. The Spanish jasmine or Catalonian jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum), is another example. It is not native to the Iberian peninsula but was originally from Iran (Persia) and western South Asia.

Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida. Jasminum polyanthum also known as White Jasmine is an invasive weed in Australia.

Taxonomy

Species belonging to genus Jasminum are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae). Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.

The genus name is derived from the Persian Yasameen ("gift from God") through Arabic and Latin.

Species

Main article: List of Jasminum species

Jasminum auriculatum at Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India.

A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud. The flower smells like the tea as it opens.

Species include:

• Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC. – Forest jasmine
• Jasminum adenophyllum Wall. – Pinwheel Jasmine, Bluegrape jasmine, Princess jasmine, Che vang, Lai la co tuyen
• Jasminum angulare Vahl
• Jasminum auriculatum Vahl
• Jasminum dichotomum Vahl – Gold Coast Jasmine
• Jasminum didymum Primarily Australian, with one subspecies occurring throughout the South Pacific and Australasia
• Jasminum grandiflorum L. – Spanish Jasmine, Royal Jasmine, Catalonian Jasmine
• Jasminum humile L. – Italian Yellow Jasmine
• Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb.
• Jasminum mesnyi Hance – Japanese Jasmine, Primrose Jasmine, Yellow Jasmine
• Jasminum multiflorum Hance – Indian Jasmine, Winter Jasmine
• Jasminum multipartitum Hochst. – Starry Wild Jasmine
• Jasminum nervosum Lour.
• Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. – Winter Jasmine
• Jasminum odoratissimum L. – Yellow Jasmine
• Jasminum officinale L. – Common Jasmine, Poet's Jasmine, jasmine, jessamine
• Jasminum parkeri Dunn – Dwarf Jasmine
• Jasminum polyanthum Franch.
• Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton – Arabian Jasmine or Sampaguita.
• Jasminum sinense Hemsl.
• Jasminum urophyllum Hemsl.

Cultivation and uses

Jasminum sambac grown as landscaping plant in Malaysia

Widely cultivated for its flowers, jasmine is enjoyed in the garden, as a house plant, and as cut flowers. The flowers are worn by women in their hair in southern and southeast Asia. The delicate jasmine flower opens only at night and may be plucked in the morning when the tiny petals are tightly closed, then stored in a cool place until night. The petals begin to open between six and eight in the evening, as the temperature lowers.

Jasmine tea

Green tea with jasmine flowers

Jasmine tea is consumed in China, where it is called jasmine-flower tea (茉莉花茶; pinyin: mò lì huā chá). Jasminum sambac flowers are also used to make so-called jasmine tea, which often has a base of green tea, but sometimes an Oolong base is used. Flowers and tea are "mated" in machines that control temperature and humidity. It takes four hours or so for the tea to absorb the fragrance and flavour of the jasmine blossoms, and for the highest grades, this process may be repeated as many as seven times. Because the tea has absorbed moisture from the flowers, it must be refired to prevent spoilage. The spent flowers may or may not be removed from the final product, as the flowers are completely dry and contain no aroma. Giant fans are used to blow away and remove the petals from the denser tea leaves. If present, they simply add visual appeal and are no indication of the quality of the tea.

In Okinawa, Japan, jasmine tea is known as sanpin cha (さんぴん茶).

Jasmine syrup

The French are known for their jasmine syrup, most commonly made from an extract of jasmine flowers. In the United States, jasmine syrup is used to make jasmine scones and marshmallows.

Jasmine essential oil

Jasmine essential oil is in common use. Its flowers are either extracted by the labour-intensive method of enfleurage or through chemical extraction. It is expensive due to the large number of flowers needed to produce a small amount of oil. The flowers have to be gathered at night because the odour of jasmine is more powerful after dark. The flowers are laid out on cotton cloths soaked in olive oil for several days and then extracted leaving the true jasmine essence. Some of the countries producing jasmine essential oil are India, Egypt, China and Morocco.

Jasmine absolute used in perfume and incense

Many species also yield an absolute, which is used in perfumes and incense. Its chemical constituents include methyl anthranilate, indole, benzyl alcohol, linalool, and skatole.

Jasmonates

Main article: Jasmonate

Jasmine gave name to the jasmonate plant hormones as methyl jasmonate isolated from the jasmine oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.

Cultural importance

The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century

Throughout India, especially in the western and southern states, including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, jasmine (along with many other flowers, including roses) is cultivated in private homes, within gardens or as potted plants. These flowers are used in regular worship at home as well as for hair ornaments (for the girls and women of the house). Jasmine is also cultivated commercially, for both the domestic purposes discussed above and other purposes (such as use in the perfume industry). It is used in rituals like marriages, Puja and festivals. In the Chandan Yatra of lord Jagannath, the deity is bathed with water flavored in sandalwood paste and jasmine.

Jasmine flower sellers (vendors) selling ready-made garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varietal, bunches of jasmine, as well as flowers by weight, are a common sight on city streets in many parts of India. They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas (including bus stands). This is common as far north as Mumbai, and generally from Maharashtra southward through all of South India. Jasmine vendors may also be found in Kolkata, though roadside sales are fewer there, since in North India women and girls generally, by tradition, do not wear flowers in their hair.

In South India all married women wear it in their hair as symbol of their married status. Unmarried women may also wear it but widows are forbidden to wear it as a symbol.^{[citation needed]}

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987 and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower. Jasmine flowers were also used as a symbol during the 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests in the People's Republic of China.

In Syria, jasmine is the symbolic flower of Damascus, which is called the City of Jasmine. In Thailand, jasmine flowers are used as a symbol for motherhood.

"Jasmine" is also popular feminine given name in many countries.

Jasmine as the national flower

Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol. They are the following:

• Hawaii: Jasminum sambac ("pikake") is perhaps the most popular of flowers. It is often strung in leis and is the subject of many songs.
• Indonesia: Jasminum sambac is the "puspa bangsa" (national flower), adopted in 1990. It goes by the name "melati putih" and is the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially in the island of Java.
• Pakistan: Jasminum officinale is known as the "chambeli" or "yasmin", it is the national flower.
• Philippines: Jasminum sambac is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "sampaguita" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.

See also

• Jasmine rice—smells like, but is not related to, Jasmine

Further reading

• "Jasminum Linn". Flora of Pakistan: 12. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771. Retrieved 2008-06-03. 
• Metcalf, Allan A. (1999). The World in So Many Words. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395959209. 

External links

• Jasminum Uses, Variations & Gardening Tips
• "Jasminum L.". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32964. Retrieved 3 June 2008. 
• "Flora Europaea Search Results". Flora Europaea. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Jasminum. Retrieved 2008-06-03. 
• "African Plants Database". South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/index.php?langue=an. 
• "Jasminum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JASMI. Retrieved 2008-06-03.