Emirate of Jabal Shammar

Emirate of Jabal Shammar إمارة جبل شمر
← 1836–1921 →   →   →   →
Flag
Capital	Ha'il
Language(s)	Arabic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish
Religion	Islam
Government	Monarchy
History
- Battle of Mulayda	1836
- Unification of Saudi Arabia	1921

The Emirate of Jabal Shammar, also known as the Emirate of Ha'il was a state in the Nejd region of Arabia, existing from the mid-nineteenth century to 1921. Jabal Shammar (Arabic: جبل شمر‎) in English is translated as the "Mountain of the Shammar". Jabal Shammar's capital was Ha'il. It was led by a monarchy of the the House of Rashid.

History

The Emirate of Jabal Shammar was established in 1836, and throughout most of its exstance was in feud with the House of Saud over control of Nejd. The Rashidis, rulers of Jabal Shammar, had succeeded in ousting the Saudis from Riyadh in 1891 following the Battle of Mulayda. This resulted in the abolishment of the Second Saudi State and incorporation of its territory into Jabal Shammar.

As the Saudis were out of the picture, exiled in Kuwait, the House of Rashid sought friendly ties with the Ottoman Empire to the north which during the course of the 19th century turned less and less profitable as the Ottomans lost influence and legitimacy.

In 1902, Abdulaziz Ibn Saud succeeded in capturing Riyadh back for the House of Saud, and began a campaign to reconquer the region - a campaign, which turned highly successful to the Saudis. After several clashes, the Rashidis and Saudis engaged into a full scaled war over the region of Qassim, which resulted in painful defeat of the Rashidis and death of the Rashidi emir Abdul Aziz ibn Mitaab al-Rashid. Ibn Saud also allied with the British Empire as a counterweight to Jabal Shammar being defended by the Ottomans. Since the death of the Emir, Jabal Shammar gradually went into decline, being further pressed with the demise of its patron in World War I.

The final stage of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar was terminated with the Saudi campaign of late 1921. The Emirate surrendered to Saudis on November 2, 1921, and was subsequently incorporated into the Sultanate of Nejd.

List of Emirs of Jabal Shammar

• Abdullah (I) ibn Ali al-Rashid (1836–1848)
• Talal ibn Abdullah al-Rashid (1847–1867)
• Mitaab (I) ibn Abdullah al Rashid (1867–1869)
• Bandar ibn Talal al Rashid (1869–1872)
• Muhammad (I) ibn Abdullah al-Rashid (1872–1897)
• Abdul Aziz ibn Mitaab al-Rashid (December 1897 – April 13, 1906)
• Mitaab (II) ibn Abdul Aziz al-Rashid (April 13, 1906 – January 1907)
• Sultan ibn Hammud al-Rashid (January 1907 – January 1908)
• Sa'ud (I) ibn Hammud al-Rashid (January 1908 – September 1908; died in 1909)
• Sa'ud (II) ibn Abdul Aziz al-Rashid (September 14, 1908 – 1920)
• Abdullah (II) ibn Mitaab al-Rashid (May 1920 – 1921; died in 1947)
• Muhammad (II) ibn Talal al-Rashid (1921 – November 2, 1921; died in 1954)