Abrus precatorius
| Jequirity | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Genus: | Abrus |
| Species: | A. precatorius |
| Binomial name | |
| Abrus precatorius L. |
|
Abrus precatorius, known commonly as Jequirity, Crab's Eye, Rosary Pea, John Crow Bead, Precatory bean, Indian Licorice, Akar Saga, Giddee Giddee or Jumbie Bead in Trinidad & Tobago,[1] is a slender, perennial climber that twines around trees, shrubs, and hedges. It is a legume with long, pinnate-leafleted leaves. It is also known as Gunja in Sanskrit and some Indian languages and Ratti in Hindi. The plant is best known for its seeds, which are used as beads and in percussion instruments, and which are toxic due to the presence of abrin. The plant is native to Indonesia and grows in tropical and subtropical areas of the world where it has been introduced. It has a tendency to become weedy and invasive where it has been introduced.
Contents |
[edit] Toxin
The toxin abrin is a dimer consisting of two protein subunits, termed A and B. The B chain facilitates abrin's entry into a cell by bonding to certain transport proteins on cell membranes, which then transport the toxin into the cell. Once inside the cell, the A chain prevents protein synthesis by inactivating the 26S subunit of the ribosome. One molecule of abrin will inactivate up to 1,500 ribosomes per second. Symptoms are identical to those of ricin, except abrin is more toxic by almost two orders of magnitude; the fatal dose of abrin is approximately 75 times smaller than the fatal dose of ricin. Abrin can kill with a circulating amount of less than 3 micrograms.[citation needed]Abrin has an estimated human fatal dose of 0.1-1 mug/kg. Ingesting the intact seeds typically results in no clinical findings, as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract due to their hard shell[2].
Abrus precatorius, called kudri mani in Tamil and guru ginja in Telugu, has been used in Siddha medicine for centuries. The Tamil Siddhars knew about the toxic effects in plants and suggested various methods which is called "suththi seythal" or purification. This is done by boiling the seeds in milk and then drying them. The protein is denatured when subjected to high temperatures which removes it toxicity.[citation needed][dubious ]
This plant is also poisonous to horses.
[edit] Uses
The seeds of Abrus precatorius are much valued in native jewelry for their bright coloration. Most beans are black and red, suggesting a ladybug, though other colors are available. Jewelry-making with jequirity seeds is dangerous, and there have been cases of death by a finger-prick while boring the seeds for beadwork. However, it has long been a symbol of love in China, and its name in Chinese is xiang si dou (Chinese: 相思豆), or "mutual love bean". In Trinidad in the West Indies the brightly coloured seeds are strung into bracelets and worn around the wrist or ankle to ward off jumbies or evil spirits and "mal-yeux" - the evil eye. The Tamils use Abrus seeds of different colors. The red variety with black eye is the most common, but there are black, white and green varieties as well.
The seeds of Abrus precatorius are very consistent in weight. Formerly Indians used these seeds to weigh gold using a measure called a Ratti, where 8 Ratti = 1 Masha; 12 Masha = 1 Tola (11.6 Grams).
[edit] Medicinal Uses
A tea is made from the leaves and used to treat fevers, coughs and colds.[3] In Siddha medicine the white variety is used to prepare oil that is claimed to be an aphrodisiac.[4] In the Indian System of Medicine, the seeds are used for sciatica, paralysis, headache, dysentery, diarrhoea, leprosy, ulcer, nervous disorders, alopecia, as well as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antitumor, sexual stimulant and abortifacient. Seeds are poisonous and therefore are used after mitigation.[5] An ethanolic extract of Abrus precatorius was found to have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential[6]. Methanolic extract of A precatorius seeds caused reversible alterations in the estrous cycle pattern and completely blocked ovulation in Sprague-Dawley rats.[7]The methanolic extract produced dose-dependent bronchodilator activity.[8]
[edit] Names
Abrus precatorius has different names in various Indian languages.[9]
- Sanskrit : Gunja (गुंजा)
- Hindi : Rati; Gaungchi; Gunchi; Gunja (गुंजा)
- Bengali : Kunch; Koonch
- Gujarati : Gumchi; Chanothi
- Kannada : Gulaganji (ಗುಲಗಂಜಿ)
- Kashmiri : Shangir
- Malayalam : Kunni; Gundumani
- Persian : Gunchi; Chashami-Khurosa
- Punjabi : Mulati
- Tamil : Gundumani; Kunthamani
- Telugu : Guruginia (గురివింద)
- Marwari:Chirmi
- Marwari:Kaincha
[edit] Gallery
-
Abrus precatorius from Koehler's Medicinal-Plants
-
Bright red seeds of A. precatorius are strung as jewelry
-
Abrus precatorius leaves & flowers
-
Abrus precatorius flowers
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Mendes (1986), p. 79.
- ^ Jang D.H., Hoffman R.S., Lewis L.S. "Attempted suicide, by mail order: Abrus precatorius".Clinical Toxicology. Conference: 2010 International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists Bordeaux France. Conference Start: 20100511 Conference End: 20100514. Conference Publication: (var.pagings). 48 (3) (pp 308),
- ^ Mendes (1986), p. 79.
- ^ Raamachandran, J. "Herbs of Siddha medicines: The First 3D Book on Herbs", page 2.
- ^ Verma D., Tiwari S.S., Srivastava S., Rawat A.,"Pharmacognostical evaluation and phytochemical standardization of Abrus precatorius L. seeds." Natural Product Sciences. 17 (1) (pp 51-57), 2011
- ^ Arora R., Gill N.S., Kaur S., Jain A.D. ,"Phytopharmacological evaluation of ethanolic extract of the seeds of Abrus precatorius linn." Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 6 (6) (pp 580-588), 2011.
- ^ Okoko I.I., Osinubi A.A., Olabiyi O.O., Kusemiju T.O., Noronha C.C., Okanlawon A.O."Antiovulatory and anti-implantation potential of the methanolic extract of seeds of Abrus precatorius in the rat". Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 16 (4) (pp 554-560), 2010
- ^ Mensah A.Y., Bonsu A.S., Fleischer T.C."Investigation of the bronchodilator activity of abrus precatorius". International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 6 (2) (pp 9-13), 2011
- ^ Dr. K. M. Nadkarni's Indian Materia Medica, Volume 1, Edited by A. K. Nadkarni, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1976, pp. 5.
[edit] References
- Mendes, John (1986). Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary. Arima, Trinidad.
- List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
- Abrus precatorius seed (extremeclose-up)
[edit] External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jequirity |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Abrus precatorius |
 |
Wikispecies has information related to: Abrus precatorius |
