Jocelyn Bell Burnell
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| Jocelyn Bell Burnell | |
 Jocelyn Bell Burnell (on the right)
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| Born | 15 July 1943 Northern Ireland |
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| Citizenship | British |
| Fields | Astrophysics |
| Alma mater | Glasgow (BSc), Cambridge (PhD) |
| Doctoral advisor | Antony Hewish |
| Known for | Discovering the first four pulsars |
| Influences | Fred Hoyle Frontiers of Astronomy (1955) |
| Notable awards | Fellow of the Royal Society (March 2003) |
| Religious stance | Quaker |
Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell, DBE, FRS, FRAS (born Susan Jocelyn Bell on 15 July 1943), known as Jocelyn Bell Burnell, is a British astrophysicist who, as a postgraduate student, discovered the first radio pulsars with her thesis supervisor Antony Hewish, for which Hewish was awarded a Nobel Prize.
The paper announcing the discovery had five authors, Hewish's name being listed first, Bell's second. Hewish was awarded the Nobel Prize, along with Martin Ryle, without the inclusion of Bell as a co-recipient, which was controversial, and was roundly condemned by Hewish's fellow astronomer Fred Hoyle.[1] The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in their press release announcing the 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics[2], cited Ryle and Hewish for their pioneering work in radio-astrophysics, with particular mention of Ryle's work on aperture-synthesis technique, and Hewish's decisive role in the discovery of pulsars. Iosif Shklovsky, recipient of the 1972 Bruce Medal, had sought out Bell at the 1970 IAU General Assembly, to tell her "Miss Bell, you have made the greatest astronomical discovery of the twentieth century."[3]
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[edit] Background and family life
Born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where her father was an architect for the nearby Armagh Planetarium,[4] she enjoyed a large library and was encouraged to read. She was especially drawn to the books on astronomy. She attended Lurgan College and lived in Lurgan as a child. She was one of the first girls at the college permitted to study science. Previously, the girls' curriculum had included cross-stitch and cookery. At eleven, she failed the 11+ exam and her parents sent her to the Mount School, York, a Quaker girls' boarding school.[5] There she was impressed by a physics teacher who taught her:
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- "You don't have to learn lots and lots...of facts; you just learn a few key things, and...then you can apply and build and develop from those... He was a really good teacher and showed me, actually, how easy physics was."
She married Martin Burnell in 1968, and they have one son, Gavin, born in 1973, and two grandsons.
[edit] Academic career
She graduated from the University of Glasgow with a B.Sc. physics in 1965 and received her Ph.D. from New Hall (renamed Murray Edwards College) of the University of Cambridge in 1969. At Cambridge, she worked with Hewish and others to construct[6] a radio telescope for using interplanetary scintillation to study quasars, which had recently been discovered (interplanetary scintillation allows compact sources to be distinguished from extended ones). In July 1967, detecting a bit of "scruff" on her chart recorder papers that tracked across the sky with the stars, Bell Burnell found that the signal was regularly pulsing, about once each second. Temporarily dubbed "Little Green Man 1" the source (now known as PSR B1919+21) was eventually identified as a rapidly rotating neutron star.
After finishing her PhD, Bell Burnell worked at the University of Southampton (1968-73), University College London (1974-82) and the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh (1982-91). In addition, from 1973 to 1987 she was also a tutor, consultant, examiner and lecturer for the Open University.[7] In 1991 she was appointed Professor of Physics at the Open University, a position she held for ten years. She was also a visiting professor at Princeton University. Before retiring Bell Burnell was Dean of Science at the University of Bath between 2001 and 2004,[8] and was President of the Royal Astronomical Society between 2002 and 2004. She is currently Visiting Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Mansfield College.[9] She is the current President of the Institute of Physics.[10]
[edit] Non-academic life
Bell is the house patron of Burnell House at Cambridge House Grammar School in Ballymena, Northern Ireland, and sits on the Advisory Board of the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion. She also gained a diploma of FRSM for piano playing.
She has campaigned to improve the status and number of women in professional and academic posts in the fields of physics and astronomy.[11]
[edit] Quaker activities and beliefs
From her school days, Bell has remained an active Quaker and served as Clerk to the sessions of Britain Yearly Meeting in 1995, 1996 and 1997. She delivered a Swarthmore Lecture under the title Broken for life,[12] at Yearly Meeting in Aberdeen on August 1, 1989, and was the plenary speaker at the U.S. Friends General Conference Gathering in 2000.
Bell revealed her personal religious history and beliefs in an interview with Joan Bakewell in 2006.[13] She served on the Quaker Peace and Social Witness Testimonies Committee, which produced Engaging with the Quaker Testimonies: a Toolkit in February 2007,[14] and wrote the introductory essay. She was appointed Clerk of the Central Executive Committee of Friends World Committee for Consultation for 2008–12, in August 2007.
[edit] Honours
Although she didn't share the 1974 Nobel Prize for Physics with Hewish for her discovery, she has been honoured by many other organisations:
- Michelson Medal of the Franklin Institute (1973, jointly with Hewish).[15]
- J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize from the Center for Theoretical Studies in Miami (1978).
- Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1987).
- Herschel Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1989).
- Karl G. Jansky Lectureship of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory(1995).[16]
- Magellanic Premium of the American Philosophical Society (2000).[17]
- Fellow of the Royal Society (March 2003).[18]
She has been awarded numerous honorary degrees, for instance, recently:
- In 2007 she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Harvard University.[19]
- On 23 June 2007, Bell Burnell was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of Durham.
She also holds important awards in the British honours system. In 1999 Bell Burnell received a CBE from Queen Elizabeth II. In June 2007 she was awarded a DBE (equivalent to a male knighthood).[20]
[edit] Further reading
Books
- Burnell, S. Jocelyn (1989). Broken for Life. London: Quaker Home Service. pp. 58pp. ISBN 0-85245-222-5. (Swarthmore Lecture)
- dark matter: poems of space edited by Maurice Riordan and Jocelyn Bell Burnell. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 2008 ISBN 978-1-90308-10-8 [21]
Scientific papers
- Hewish, Antony; S J Bell, J D H Pilkington, P F Scott, R A Collins (24 February 1968). "Observation of a Rapidly Pulsating Radio Source" (PDF). Nature 217: 709–713. doi:. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v217/n5130/pdf/217709a0.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
- J D H Pilkington; A Hewish, S J Bell, T W Cole (13 April 1968). "Observations of some further Pulsed Radio Sources" (PDF). Nature 218: 126–129. doi:. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v218/n5137/pdf/218126a0.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.
For additional titles See Reference[7]
[edit] References
- ^ Judson, Horace (2003-10-20). "No Nobel Prize for Whining". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C02E4DE123EF933A15753C1A9659C8B63. Retrieved on 2007-08-03.
- ^ 1974 Nobel Physics Prize committee press release
- ^ Longair, Martin (2006). The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. p. 196
- ^ Johnston, Colin (March 2007). "Pulsar Pioneer visits us" (PDF). Astronotes (Armagh Planetarium): pp. 2-3. http://armaghplanet.com/pdf/Astronotes/Astronotes2007/Astronotes_Mar_2007.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-07-10.
- ^ At Mount School 1956–61. She is the 2007 President of the Old Scholars' Association.
- ^ "...upon entering the faculty, each student was issued a set of tools: a pair of plyers, a pair of long-nose plyers, a wire cutter, and a screwdriver...", said during a public lecture in Montreal during the 40 Years of Pulsars conference, August 14, 2007
- ^ a b "Jocelyn Bell Burnell". Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics (CWP). http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Burnell,_Jocelyn_Bell@841234567.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-07. (biography at UCLA)
- ^ University of Bath Press Release, announcing Bell Burnell's retirement
- ^ "Queen's Birthday Honours 2007". University of Oxford. 18 June 2007. http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/news/2006-07/jun/18a.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-07-10.
- ^ IoP website>Governance>Council. (accessed 1 May 2008)
- ^ Article by Bell Burnell in Science:"So Few Pulsars, So Few Females" 23 April 2004: Vol. 304. no. 5670, p. 489 See also Belfast Telegraph's interview, at this time.
- ^ Details of the print version of the lecture are given in the Bibliography
- ^ Transcript of interview by Joan Bakewell for the BBC Radio 3 series "Belief" (2 January 2006)
- ^ Engaging with the Quaker Testimonies: a Toolkit, 2007 ISBN 0-90168959-9
- ^ Franklin Institute citation
- ^ "Jansky Home Page". http://www.nrao.edu/jansky/janskyprize.shtml. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
- ^ Official list of Premium winners
- ^ Royal Society article about Bell Burnell, with portrait
- ^ Honorary degrees awarded at Commencement’s Morning Exercises, Harvard Crimson, June 7, 2007
- ^ The Guardian Commentary on the Birthday Honours, 16 June 2007
- ^ Press release on dark matter from the Gulbenkian Foundation
[edit] External links
[edit] Video
- Freeview video 'Tick, Tick, Pulsating Star: How I Wonder What You Are?' A Royal Institution Discourse by the Vega Science Trust(accessed 24 December 2007).
- Four video clips in which Bell Burnell gives a brief answer to the following questions: Having made a monumental discovery in science, how does that affect one's latter career? What was the process for discovering pulsars? Were you looking for them based on a theory, or were you trying to clarify a phenomenon? Where are your research interests focussed at the moment?What future discoveries do you expect in Astronomy? (BBC/Open University Masters of Science website) (accessed 24 December 2007).
[edit] Audio
- Counterbalance Library: Bell Burnell talk “ Science and the Spiritual Quest” (24 Minutes) (Not accessible 24 December 2007).
[edit] Text
- Contributions of 20th C women to physics: Burnell article. Procided by University of California at Los Angeles.
- Ferdinand V. Coroniti and Gary A. Williams (2006), "Jocelyn Bell Burnell" in Out of the Shadows: Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics, Nina Byers and Gary Williams, ed., Cambridge University Press.
- Catalogue entry of Royal Society citation (accessed 24 December 2007).
- Gale - Free Resources: Article on Bell Burnell from Encyclopedia of World Biography 1998. (Accessed 24 December 2007).
- UK Resource Centre for Women in Science Engineering Technology biographical webpage. (Accessed 24 December 2007).
- Biographical article, indicating Bell Burnell's beliefs and personal life, from California State Polytechnic University NOVA project. (Accessed 24 December 2007).
- Women in Science
- "Northern Star" (PDF). Programme information (BBC Northern Ireland): pp. 7-8. 13 June 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/nations/northern_ireland/nipiwk24.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-07-05. (TV Documentary on Jocelyn Bell Burnell's life) (Not accessible online 24 December 2007).
[edit] Transcripts
- - An after-dinner speech by Jocelyn Bell Burnell on her life and the discovery of pulsars (accessed 24 December 2007).
- Transcript of interview by Joan Bakewell for the BBC Radio 3 series "Belief" (2 January 2006) (accessed 24 December 2007).
